Collisional and Radiative Processes in Optically Thin Plasmas

Most of our knowledge of the physical processes in distant plasmas is obtained through measurement of the radiation they produce. Here we provide an overview of the main collisional and radiative processes and examples of diagnostics relevant to the microphysical processes in the plasma. Many analyses assume a time-steady plasma with ion populations in equilibrium with the local temperature and Maxwellian distributions of particle velocities, but these assumptions are easily violated in many cases. We consider these departures from equilibrium and possible diagnostics in detail

Not Available

Not AvailableThe output energy was higher by 1.73 % in no pre-planting tillage than conventional due to1.4 t ha higher cane yield. Energy use efficiency and energy productivity were also higher by 3.7 and 4.1 % in the absence of pre-planting tillage over the conventional tillage treatment. In contrast, energy intensity was higher by 3.7 % in conventional than no pre- planting tillage indicating more energy requirement to produce per unit cane yield. Trench method recorded the maximum energy use efficiency, energy productivity and net energy gain and was the lowest energy intensive.Not Availabl