1,721 research outputs found
Transport of organelles by elastically coupled motor proteins
Motor-driven cargo transport is a complex phenomenon where multiple motor
proteins attached on to a cargo engage in pulling activity, often leading to
tug-of-war, displaying bidirectional motion. However, most mathematical and
computational models ignore the details of the motor-cargo interaction. Here,
we study a generic model in which N motors are elastically coupled to a cargo,
which itself is subjected to thermal noise in the cytoplasm and to an
additional external applied force. The motor-hopping rates are chosen to
satisfy detailed balance with respect to the energy of elastic stretching. With
these assumptions, an (N+1)-variable master equation is constructed for
dynamics of the motor-cargo complex. By expanding the hopping rates to linear
order in fluctuations in motor positions, we obtain a linear Fokker-Planck
equation. The deterministic equations governing the average quantities are
separated out and explicit analytical expressions are obtained for the mean
velocity and diffusion coefficient of the cargo. We also study the statistical
features of the force experienced by an individual motor and quantitatively
characterize the load-sharing among the cargo-bound motors. The mean cargo
velocity and the effective diffusion coefficient are found to be decreasing
functions of the stiffness. While increase in the number of motors N does not
increase the velocity substantially, it decreases the effective diffusion
coefficient which falls as 1/N asymptotically. We further show that the
cargo-bound motors share the force exerted on the cargo equally only in the
limit of vanishing elastic stiffness; as stiffness is increased, deviations
from equal load sharing are observed. Numerical simulations agree with our
analytical results where expected. Interestingly, we find in simulations that
the stall force of a cargo elastically coupled to motors is independent of the
stiffness
Stall force of a cargo driven by N interacting motor proteins
We study a generic one-dimensional model for an intracellular cargo driven by
N motor proteins against an external applied force. The model includes
motor-cargo and motor-motor interactions. The cargo motion is described by an
over-damped Langevin equation, while motor dynamics is specified by hopping
rates which follow a local detailed balance condition with respect to change in
energy per hopping event. Based on this model, we show that the stall force,
the mean external force corresponding to zero mean cargo velocity, is
completely independent of the details of the interactions and is, therefore,
always equal to the sum of the stall forces of the individual motors. This
exact result is arrived on the basis of a simple assumption: the (macroscopic)
state of stall of the cargo is analogous to a state of thermodynamic
equilibrium, and is characterized by vanishing net probability current between
any two microstates, with the latter specified by motor positions relative to
the cargo. The corresponding probability distribution of the microstates under
stall is also determined. These predictions are in complete agreement with
numerical simulations, carried out using specific forms of interaction
potentials.Comment: Accepted in Europhysics Letter
Non-equilibrium dynamics of the piston in the Szilard engine
We consider a Szilard engine in one dimension, consisting of a single
particle of mass , moving between a piston of mass , and a heat reservoir
at temperature . In addition to an external force, the piston experiences
repeated elastic collisions with the particle. We find that the motion of a
heavy piston (), can be described effectively by a Langevin equation.
Various numerical evidences suggest that the frictional coefficient in the
Langevin equation is given by , where is
the position of the piston measured from the thermal wall. Starting from the
exact master equation for the full system and using a perturbation expansion in
, we integrate out the degrees of freedom of the particle
to obtain the effective Fokker-Planck equation for the piston albeit with a
different frictional coefficient. Our microscopic study shows that the piston
is never in equilibrium during the expansion step, contrary to the assumption
made in the usual Szilard engine analysis --- nevertheless the conclusions of
Szilard remain valid
Deposition of alumina films by inverted cylindrical magnetron sputtering assisted by optical emission spectroscopy
Alumina coatings have been deposited on glass substrates by reactive ac (41 kHz) magnetron sputtering of two hollow aluminum targets in argon-oxygen plasma at 5 kW sputtering power in the poisoned mode and in the unstable region of hysteresis loop of reactive sputtering. The poisoned mode produces nanocrystalline films of and alumina at a low deposition rate of 0.06 nm·s-1. Amorphous alumina films have been grown at a higher deposition rate of 0.2 nm·s-1 with the aid of optical emission spectroscopy in which the feedback signal of Al emission spectral line at 396 nm monitored Al concentration in the plasma discharge and accomplished the controlled oxidation of targets during reactive sputtering. Dynamic secondary ion mass spectroscopy studies confirm that alumina films grown in the unstable region of the hysteresis loop of reactive sputtering are highly stoichiometric and of uniform composition with film thickness. Our study demonstrates the successful coupling of optical emission spectroscopy with hollow cylindrical magnetrons for deposition of alumina films
Genome replication in asynchronously growing microbial populations
Biological cells adopt specific programs to replicate their genomes.
Information about the replication program of an organism can be obtained by
sequencing an exponentially growing cell culture and studying the frequency of
DNA fragments as a function of genomic position. However, a quantitative
interpretation of this data has been challenging for asynchronously growing
cultures. In this paper, we introduce a general theory to predict the abundance
of DNA fragments in asynchronously growing cultures from any given stochastic
model of the DNA replication program. As key examples, we present stochastic
models of DNA replication in Escherichia coli and in budding yeast. In both
cases, our approach leads to analytical predictions that are in excellent
agreement with experimental data and permit to infer biophysically relevant
parameters. In particular, our method is able to infer the locations of known
replication origins in budding yeast with high accuracy. These examples
demonstrate that our method can provide insight into a broad range of
organisms, from bacteria to eukaryotes.Comment: 18 pages, 8 figure
Search and localization dynamics of the CRISPR/Cas9 system
The CRISPR/Cas9 system acts as the prokaryotic immune system and has
important applications in gene editing. The protein Cas9 is one of its crucial
components. The role of Cas9 is to search for specific target sequences on the
DNA and cleave them. In this Letter, we introduce a model of facilitated
diffusion for Cas9 and fit its parameters to single-molecule experiments. Our
model confirms that Cas9 search for targets by sliding, but shows that its
sliding length is rather short. We then investigate how Cas9 explores a long
stretch of DNA containing randomly placed targets. We solve this problem by
mapping it into the theory of Anderson localization in condensed matter
physics. Our theoretical approach rationalizes experimental evidences on the
distribution of Cas9 molecules along the DNA.Comment: 8 pages, 10 figures. Combined Main Text + SI. Accepted for
publication in Physical Review Letter
Transformation of Indian Libraries: Review Based on Selected Library Websites
Abstract Indian libraries have witnessed a transformation during the past two decades. Th
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