Development of nano-structured titanium oxide thin films using a gas carving technique

A method is developed for producing nano-structured titanium oxide thin films using H2 gas interaction with titanium thin film at a high temperature. These nano-structured thin films have been formed on a quartz crystal substrate. Titanium (Ti) thin films were deposited on the quartz crystal using a RF magnetron sputterer. The samples were placed in the oven at 500-800°C for 5 hours. The gas mixture of 1% H2 in N2 was introduced in the oven. The process of Ti annealing in the presence of H2 carves Ti films into nano-structure shapes. The process is a gas-solid interaction. Thin films were characterised using Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) technique. The nano structures formed have dimensions in a range of 25nm - 150nm obtained after gas carving

Theory of Luminescent Emission in Nanocrystal ZnS:Mn with an Extra Electron

We consider the effect of an extra electron injected into a doped quantum dot $ZnS:Mn^{2+}$. The Coulomb interaction and the exchange interaction between the extra electron and the states of the Mn ion will mix the wavefunctions, split the impurity energy levels, break the previous selection rules and change the transition probabilities. Using this model of an extra electron in the doped quantum dot, we calculated the energy and the wavefunctions, the luminescence probability and the transition lifetime and compare with the experiments. Our calculation shows that two orders of magnitudes of lifetime shortening can occur in the transition $^4T_1-^6A_1$ when an extra electron is present.Comment: 15 pages, 2 Figs No change in Fig

Electrochemical behaviour and validated determination of the anitcancer drug Tamoxifen

The electrooxidative behaviour of tamoxifen (Tam) and 4-hydroxytamoxifen (TamOH) was investigated by cyclic (CV), differential-pulse adsorptive anodic stripping (DPAdAS) and square-wave adsorptive anodic stripping (SWAdAS) voltammetric techniques. The anodic oxidation peak of Tamoxifen was attributed to the cyclization reaction to form the corresponding phenanthrene derivative and the mechanism of oxidation was postulated on the basis of controlled potential electrolysis and isolation of the oxidative product. Oxidative stripping analysis was successfully applied to the determination of tamoxifen in a bulk pharmaceutical formulation, and sensitivity in human urine and serum was validated. The achieved limits of detection (LOD) of bulk tamoxifen were 1.8 × 10 -6 mol L -1 and 2.4 × 10 -6 mol L -1 for DPAdAS and SWAdAS, respectively. The LOD values for tamoxifen in human urine and serum sample analysis were 4.75 × 10 -7 mol L -1 and 2.63 × 10 -7 mol L -1 and 1.98 × 10 -7 mol L -1 and 3.28 × 10 -7 mol L -1 for DPAdAS and SWAdAS, respectively. 4-hydroxytamoxifen is oxidised at more positive potentials than Tamoxifen, separated from the Tamoxifen stripping peak, and its adsorption to the glassy carbon electrode is less pronounced. This affects the ability to determine this important phase I metabolite in serum and urine sample

Role Of Social & Psychological Factors In Drug Default In Patients Of Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Research Problem: What is the influence of social and psychological factors on drug default in patients of pul­monary tuberculosis? Objective: To assess the role of social and psychological factors in drug default in patients of pulmonary tubercu­losis. Study Design: Hospital - based study by questionnaire method Setting and Participants: Patients of pulmonary tubercu­losis attending Out Patient Department of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, J.N. Medical College Hospital, A.M.U., Aligarh. Sample Size: 136 defaulters and 86 treated cases of pulmonary tuberculosis. Study Variables: Social factors, psychological factors, drug default and pulmonary tuberculosis. Outcome Variables: Association of social and psycho­logical factors with drug default in pulmonary tuberculo­sis patients. Statistical Analysis: By chi - square test and significance at 5% level. Result: Important social factors influencing drug default were joint family (74.27%), lack of money (22.06%) and uncooperative family (11.7%). Psychiatric morbidity among defaulters was significantly high (68.39%). Conclusion: Patient compliance depends on many psy­chological (e.g. psychiatric morbidity, type of personal­ity), and sociological,factors (including economic status of patient, nature of family, its environment, interaction between patient and doctor and patient's own attitude and idea about his disease). Age, sex, residence, religion and education did not show any significant contribution towards drug default

Trust in Crowds: probabilistic behaviour in anonymity protocols

The existing analysis of the Crowds anonymity protocol assumes that a participating member is either ‘honest’ or ‘corrupted’. This paper generalises this analysis so that each member is assumed to maliciously disclose the identity of other nodes with a probability determined by her vulnerability to corruption. Within this model, the trust in a principal is defined to be the probability that she behaves honestly. We investigate the effect of such a probabilistic behaviour on the anonymity of the principals participating in the protocol, and formulate the necessary conditions to achieve ‘probable innocence’. Using these conditions, we propose a generalised Crowds-Trust protocol which uses trust information to achieves ‘probable innocence’ for principals exhibiting probabilistic behaviour

Placental transfer of pesticides in humans

Transfer of organochlorine pesticides from mother to fetus has been studied in 100 women. The concentrations of organochlorine pesticides were examined in maternal blood, placenta, and umbilical cord blood of the same mother/child pair. Residue levels of dichlorodiphenyl trichloro ethane (DDT) and its metabolites, isomers of benzene hexachloride (BHC) and aldrin were detected in all the samples analyzed, indicating their transfer from mother to the fetus. A correlation was found to exist between the pesticide concentration and age, dietetic habits and area of residence of pregnant women

BER Analysis of Full Duplex Relay assisted BPSK-SIM based VLC System for Indoor Applications

This paper contemplates a relay-assisted visible light communication (VLC) system, where the light source (Table lamp) acts as a relay node and cooperates with the main light source. Following the IEEE 802.15.7r1 VLC reference channel model, we assume that there are two different light sources present in an office room. The first one is the source terminal present on the ceiling and another one is the desk lamp that serves as the relay station which works in full-duplex method. Because of the loop interference channel, we model VLC relay terminal using ray tracing simulations. We have analyzed bit error rate (BER) performance of the relay-assisted VLC system using binary phase shift keying-subcarrier intensity modulation (BPSK-SIM) technique. The proposed method outperforms existing phase shift keying (PSK) and square M-quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) techniques. The proposed VLC system using BPSK-SIM technique achieves a BER performance of for an SNR of 20 dB. The results of proposed full duplex and half duplex relayed VLC system are evaluated using equal power allocation (EPA) and optimum power allocations (OPA) techniques over three different modulation schemes which are 2-PSK, square M-QAM, BPSK-SIM

Phase diagram of bismuth in the extreme quantum limit

Elemental bismuth provides a rare opportunity to explore the fate of a three-dimensional gas of highly mobile electrons confined to their lowest Landau level. Coulomb interaction, neglected in the band picture, is expected to become significant in this extreme quantum limit with poorly understood consequences. Here, we present a study of the angular-dependent Nernst effect in bismuth, which establishes the existence of ultraquantum field scales on top of its complex single-particle spectrum. Each time a Landau level crosses the Fermi level, the Nernst response sharply peaks. All such peaks are resolved by the experiment and their complex angular-dependence is in very good agreement with the theory. Beyond the quantum limit, we resolve additional Nernst peaks signaling a cascade of additional Landau sub-levels caused by electron interaction