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Estimation of Calcium and Iron Levels in Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Serum in Periodontal Health and Disease
Introduction: Gingival Crevicular Fluid (GCF) has been
referred to as a promising medium for detection of markers
for periodontal disease activity. Analysis of GCF shows minute
changes in biomarker levels well before the onset of clinical
signs and symptoms; which helps to even predict a person’s
predisposition towards periodontal disease occurrence. The
elemental analysis of human blood serum is noteworthy in
routine clinical practice as well as in medical research.
Aim: This study was done to determine the changes in calcium
and iron levels in GCF and serum in human subjects with normal
periodontal health and those with disease.
Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study
conducted from March 2019 to December 2019. Eight study
subjects (four healthy subjects and four periodontitis cases)
were selected from the patients reporting to the Department of
Periodontics at Tagore Dental College and Hospital, Chennai.
The subjects were chosen based on inclusion and exclusion
criteria and all patients were subjected to a clinical examination
wherein the Probing Depth (PD) and Clinical Attachment Level
(CAL) were recorded by a single examiner using William’s
Periodontal probe. The GCF samples were collected by Capillary
Tubing method. Blood was collected by venipuncture and
centrifuged to provide serum samples. Dual viewing Inductively
Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) was
used to estimate Calcium and Iron in GCF and serum. SPSS
version 21.0 was used for statistical analysis. Mann Whitney U
test was used for comparing the groups. A p-value less than
0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: Serum iron levels were significantly less in periodontitis
patients than healthy subjects (p-value 0.043). GCF iron level
(p-value 0.386), GCF calcium level (p-value 0.149) and serum
calcium level (p-value 0.564) did not show any major variation
among subjects with normal periodontal health and those with
disease.
Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that iron and
calcium are present in GCF and serum samples of healthy
persons and patients with chronic periodontitis which can be
detected using ICP-OES. A significant difference in serum iron
levels between health and disease could indicate a patient’s
predisposition towards developing periodontitis. Calcium levels in
GCF and serum do not point towards periodontal disease activity