Application of a New Procedure for Power Analysis and Comparison of the Adjusted Univariate and Multivariate Tests in Repeated Measures Designs

A relationship between the multivariate and univariate noncentrality parameters in repeated measures designs was developed for the purpose of assessing the relative power of the univariate and multivariate approaches. An application is provided examining the use of repeated measures designs to evaluate student achievement in a K-12 school syste

Distribution and accumulation of 10 nm silver nanoparticles in maternal tissues and visceral yolk sac of pregnant mice, and a potential effect on embryo growth

<p>We examined the distribution of silver in pregnant mice and embryos/fetuses following intravenous injections of 10 nm silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) or soluble silver nitrate (AgNO₃) at dose levels of 0 (citrate buffer control) or 66 µg Ag/mouse to pregnant mice on gestation days (GDs) 7, 8 and 9. Selected maternal tissues and all embryos/fetuses from control, AgNP- and AgNO₃-treated groups on GD10 and control and AgNP-treated groups on GD16 were processed for the measurement of silver concentrations, intracellular AgNP localization, histopathology and gross examination of tissue morphology. Inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry revealed silver in all examined tissues following either AgNP or AgNO₃ treatment, with highest concentrations of silver in maternal liver, spleen and visceral yolk sac (VYS), and lowest concentrations in embryos/fetuses. For VYS, mean silver concentration following AgNO₃ treatment (4.87 ng Ag/mg tissue) was approximately two-fold that following AgNP treatment (2.31 ng Ag/mg tissue); for all other tissues examined, mean silver concentrations following either AgNP or AgNO₃ treatment were not significantly different from each other (e.g. 2.57 or 2.84 ng Ag/mg tissue in maternal liver and 1.61 or 2.50 ng Ag/mg tissue in maternal spleen following AgNP or AgNO₃ treatment, respectively). Hyperspectral imaging revealed AgNP aggregates in maternal liver, kidney, spleen and VYS from AgNP-treated mice, but not AgNO₃-treated mice. Additionally, one or more embryos collected on GD10 from eight of ten AgNP-treated mice appeared small for their age (i.e. Theiler stage 13 [GD8.5] or younger). In the control group (<i>N</i> = 11), this effect was seen in embryos from only one mouse. In conclusion, intravenous injection of 10 nm AgNPs to pregnant mice resulted in notable silver accumulation in maternal liver, spleen and VYS, and may have affected embryonic growth. Silver accumulation in embryos/fetuses was negligible.</p

Training status and sex influence on senescent T-lymphocyte redistribution in response to acute maximal exercise

PurposeInvestigate training status and sex effects on the redistribution of senescent and naïve T-lymphocytes following acute exercise.MethodsSixteen (8 male, 8 female) trained (18.3 ± 1.7 yr) soccer players (Tr) and sixteen (8 male, 8 female) untrained (19.3 ± 2.0 yr) controls (UTr) performed a treadmill running test to volitional exhaustion. Blood lymphocytes were isolated before (Pre), immediately post, and 1-h post-exercise for assessment of cell surface expression of CD28 and CD57 on CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocyte subsets. Plasma was used to determine cytomegalovirus (CMV) serostatus.ResultsExercise elicited a redistribution of T-lymphocyte subsets. Senescent CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes increased by 42.4% and 45.9% respectively, while naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes decreased by 8.7% and 22.5% respectively in response to exercise. A main effect (P < 0.05) of training status was observed for senescent CD4+, CD8+ and naïve CD8+ T-lymphocytes: UTr had a higher proportion of senescent and a lower proportion of naïve CD8+ T-lymphocytes than Tr. A main effect (P < 0.05) of sex was observed in senescent CD4+, CD8+ and naïve CD4+, CD8+ T-lymphocytes. Males had a higher proportion of senescent and lower proportion of naïve T-lymphocytes than females. A sex-by-training status interaction (P < 0.05) was observed for the senescent and naïve CD4+ T-lymphocytes (but not CD8+) with the highest percentage of senescent and lowest percentage of naïve T-lymphocytes observed in UTr males. CMV exerted a significant main covariate effect (P < 0.05) in the senescent and naïve (P < 0.05) CD8+ T-lymphocytes but not in the senescent and naïve CD4+ T-lymphocytes.ConclusionThis study highlights important sex and training status differences in the senescent and naïve T-lymphocyte redistribution in response to exercise that warrants further investigation

Individual and contextual characteristics of the German extreme right-wing vote in the 1990's: A test of complementary theories

Contains fulltext : 17099.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access)In this article we set out to improve our knowledge on voting for extreme right-wing parties, i.e. the Republikaner, by taking into account social, political and contextual characteristics. We test four theories that provide explanations as to why certain social categories are more likely to vote for the Republikaner. The hypotheses are tested with multilevel analyses, with data from a national sample (N = 4688). Multinomial analyses provide additional information on how theoretically derived political attitudes effect voting behaviour