Feasibility of endometrial sampling by vaginal tampons in women with Lynch syndrome

Background: Endometrial sampling for the surveillance of women with Lynch syndrome is an invasive and painful procedure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of a less invasive procedure of collecting vital cells by vaginal tampons. Methods: This was a prospective feasibility study of women scheduled to undergo annual gynecological surveillance, including endometrial sampling. We included consecutive asymptomatic women with Lynch syndrome or first-degree relatives and asked them to insert a vaginal tampon 2-4 h before attending their outpatient appointment. Feasibility was evaluated by the following metrics: Patient acceptance, pain intensity of each procedure (assessed by visual analog scale; range 0-10), and the presence of vital cells obtained by tampon-based or endometrial sampling methods. Two pathologists independently evaluated all samples. Results: In total, 25 of 32 approached women completed the tampon-based procedure, with 23 of these subsequently undergoing invasive endometrial sampling. The median visual analog scale scores for tampon use and invasive endometrial sampling were 0 (range, 0-10) and 5.5 (range, 1-10) (p < 0.001). None of the tampon samples analyzed by cytology showed endometrial cells, but they did contain vital squamous cells and granulocytes. By contrast, 18 (78%) of the invasive endometrial samples contained enough endometrial tissue for analysis. No endometrial abnormalities were found by endometrial sampling. Conclusions: Tampon-based endometrial surveillance was a well-accepted and non-painful procedure, and although tampons contained vital cells, they did not provide endometrial cells. However, this study was limited to asymptomatic women with Lynch syndrome (no endometrial pathology), indicating that research is needed to evaluate whether the tampon method has any utility for endometrial surveillance in women with Lynch syndrome

Association of homozygous variants of STING1 with outcome in human cervical cancer

DNA-sensing receptor Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase (cGAS) and its downstream signaling effector STimulator of INterferon Genes (STING) have gained significant interest in the field of tumor immunology, as a dysfunctional cGAS-STING pathway is associated with poor prognosis and worse response to immunotherapy. However, studies so far have not taken into account the polymorphic nature of the STING-encoding STING1 gene. We hypothesized that the presence of allelic variance in STING1 would cause variation between individuals as to their susceptibility to cancer development, cancer progression, and potential response to (immuno)therapy. To start to address this, we defined the genetic landscapes of STING1 in cervical scrapings and investigated their corresponding clinical characteristics across a unique cohort of cervical cancer patients and compared them with independent control cohorts. Although we did not observe an enrichment of particular STING1 allelic variants in cervical cancer patients, we did find that the occurrence of homozygous variants HAQ/HAQ and R232H/R232H of STING1 were associated with both younger age of diagnosis and higher recurrence rate. These findings were accompanied by worse survival, despite comparable mRNA and protein levels of STING and numbers of infiltrated CD8(+) T cells. Our findings suggest that patients with HAQ/HAQ and R232H/R232H genotypes may have a dysfunctional cGAS-STING pathway that fails to promote efficient anticancer immunity. Interestingly, the occurrence of these genotypes coincided with homozygous presence of the V48V variant, which was found to be individually associated with worse outcome. Therefore, we propose V48V to be further evaluated as a novel prognostic marker for cervical cancer

European experience with the Afirma Gene Expression Classifier for indeterminate thyroid nodules:A clinical utility study in the Netherlands

Background: The Gene Expression Classifier (GEC) and Genomic Sequencing Classifier (GSC) were developed to improve risk stratification of indeterminate nodules. Our aim was to assess the clinical utility in a European population with restrictive diagnostic workup. Methods: Clinical utility of the GEC was assessed in a prospective multicenter cohort of 68 indeterminate nodules. Diagnostic surgical rates for Bethesda III and IV nodules were compared to a historical cohort of 171 indeterminate nodules. Samples were post hoc tested with the GSC. Results: The GEC classified 26% as benign. Surgical rates between the prospective and historical cohort did not differ (72.1% vs. 76.6%). The GSC classified 59% as benign, but misclassified six malignant lesions as benign. Conclusion: Implementation of GEC in management of indeterminate nodules in a European country with restrictive diagnostic workup is currently not supported, especially in oncocytic nodules. Prospective studies with the GSC in European countries are needed to determine the clinical utility.</p

Towards in vivo characterization of thyroid nodules suspicious for malignancy using multispectral optoacoustic tomography

Purpose: Patient-tailored management of thyroid nodules requires improved risk of malignancy stratification by accurate preoperative nodule assessment, aiming to personalize decisions concerning diagnostics and treatment. Here, we perform an exploratory pilot study to identify possible patterns on multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) for thyroid malignancy stratification. For the first time, we directly correlate MSOT images with histopathology data on a detailed level. Methods: We use recently enhanced data processing and image reconstruction methods for MSOT to provide next-level image quality by means of improved spatial resolution and spectral contrast. We examine optoacoustic features in thyroid nodules associated with vascular patterns and correlate these directly with reference histopathology. Results: Our methods show the ability to resolve blood vessels with diameters of 250 μm at depths of up to 2 cm. The vessel diameters derived on MSOT showed an excellent correlation (R2-score of 0.9426) with the vessel diameters on histopathology. Subsequently, we identify features of malignancy observable in MSOT, such as intranodular microvascularity and extrathyroidal extension verified by histopathology. Despite these promising features in selected patients, we could not determine statistically relevant differences between benign and malignant thyroid nodules based on mean oxygen saturation in thyroid nodules. Thus, we illustrate general imaging artifacts of the whole field of optoacoustic imaging that reduce image fidelity and distort spectral contrast, which impedes quantification of chromophore presence based on mean concentrations. Conclusion: We recommend examining optoacoustic features in addition to chromophore quantification to rank malignancy risk. We present optoacoustic images of thyroid nodules with the highest spatial resolution and spectral contrast to date, directly correlated to histopathology, pushing the clinical translation of MSOT.</p

Clinical Validation of the Cervista HPV HR Test According to the International Guidelines for Human Papillomavirus Test Requirements for Cervical Cancer Screening

This study demonstrates that both the clinical sensitivity and specificity of the Cervista HPV HR test for high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) detection are not inferior to those of the Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2) test. The intra- and interlaboratory reproducibilities of Cervista were 92.0% (kappa, 0.83) and 90.4% (kappa, 0.80), respectively. The Cervista HPV HR test fulfills all the international HPV test requirements for cervical primary screening purposes

Introduction of primary screening using high-risk HPV DNA detection in the Dutch cervical cancer screening programme:a population-based cohort study

Background: In January 2017, the Dutch cervical cancer screening programme transitioned from cytomorphological to primary high-risk HPV (hrHPV) DNA screening, including the introduction of self-sampling, for women aged between 30 and 60 years. The Netherlands was the first country to switch to hrHPV screening at the national level. We investigated the health impact of this transition by comparing performance indicators from the new hrHPV-based programme with the previous cytology-based programme. Methods: We obtained data from the Dutch nationwide network and registry of histo- and cytopathology (PALGA) for 454,573 women eligible for screening in 2017 who participated in the hrHPV-based programme between 1 January 2017 and 30 June 2018 (maximum follow-up of almost 21 months) and for 483,146 women eligible for screening in 2015 who participated in the cytology-based programme between 1 January 2015 and 31 March 2016 (maximum follow-up of 40 months). We compared indicators of participation (participation rate), referral (screen positivity; referral rate) and detection (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) detection; number of referrals per detected CIN lesion). Results: Participation in the hrHPV-based programme was significantly lower than that in the cytology-based programme (61% vs 64%). Screen positivity and direct referral rates were significantly higher in the hrHPV-based programme (positivity rate: 5% vs 9%; referral rate: 1% vs 3%). CIN2+ detection increased from 11 to 14 per 1000 women screened. Overall, approximately 2.2 times more clinical irrelevant findings (i.e. ≤CIN1) were found in the hrHPV-based programme, compared with approximately 1·3 times more clinically relevant findings (i.e. CIN2+); this difference was mostly due to a national policy change recommending colposcopy, rather than observation, of hrHPV-positive, ASC-US/LSIL results in the hrHPV-based programme. Conclusions: This is the first time that comprehensive results of nationwide implementation of hrHPV-based screening have been reported using high-quality data with a long follow-up. We have shown that both benefits and potential harms are higher in one screening round of a well-implemented hrHPV-based screening programme than in an established cytology-based programme. Lower participation in the new hrHPV programme may be due to factors such as invitation policy changes and the phased roll-out of the new programme. Our findings add further to evidence from trials and modelling studies on the effectiveness of hrHPV-based screening

Intraoperative MET-receptor targeted fluorescent imaging and spectroscopy for lymph node detection in papillary thyroid cancer:novel diagnostic tools for more selective central lymph node compartment dissection

PURPOSE: Patients undergoing prophylactic central compartment dissection (PCLND) for papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) are often overtreated. This study aimed to determine if molecular fluorescence-guided imaging (MFGI) and spectroscopy can be useful for detecting PTC nodal metastases (NM) and to identify negative central compartments intraoperatively. METHODS: We used a data-driven prioritization strategy based on transcriptomic profiles of 97 primary PTCs and 80 normal thyroid tissues (NTT) to identify tumor-specific antigens for a clinically available near-infrared fluorescent tracer. Protein expression of the top prioritized antigen was immunohistochemically validated with a tissue microarray containing primary PTC (n = 741) and NTT (n = 108). Staining intensity was correlated with 10-year locoregional recurrence-free survival (LRFS). A phase 1 study (NCT03470259) with EMI-137, targeting MET, was conducted to evaluate safety, optimal dosage for detecting PTC NM with MFGI, feasibility of NM detection with quantitative fiber-optic spectroscopy, and selective binding of EMI-137 for MET. RESULTS: MET was selected as the most promising antigen. A worse LRFS was observed in patients with positive versus negative MET staining (81.9% versus 93.2%; p = 0.02). In 19 patients, no adverse events related to EMI-137 occurred. 0.13 mg/kg EMI-137 was selected as optimal dosage for differentiating NM from normal lymph nodes using MFGI (p < 0.0001) and spectroscopy (p < 0.0001). MFGI identified 5/19 levels (26.3%) without NM. EMI-137 binds selectively to MET. CONCLUSION: MET is overexpressed in PTC and associated with increased locoregional recurrence rates. Perioperative administration of EMI-137 is safe and facilitates NM detection using MFGI and spectroscopy, potentially reducing the number of negative PCLNDs with more than 25%. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT03470259

Effective Application of the Methanol-Based PreservCyt (TM) Fixative and the Cellient (TM) Automated Cell Block Processor to Diagnostic Cytopathology, Immunocytochemistry, and Molecular Biology

<p>We studied the feasibility of immunocytochemistry (ICC), in situ hybridization (ISH), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) after Cellient automated cell block processing, and tested whether methanol-based PreservCyt fixation could replace formalin fixation, in an attempt to eliminate toxic formaldehyde vapors. Immunostaining with 30 different antibodies was performed on cell blocks from 73 FNA specimens and 42 body cavity fluid specimens prepared by Cellient automated processing that uses the methanol-based fixative (PreservCyt). For each antibody we evaluated ICC in at least three different cell block specimens and compared it with immunohistochemistry (IHC) in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) histological sections from the corresponding tumors. The quality of DNA and RNA in Cellient blocks was analyzed by ISH, applying a SYT gene break-apart assay and EBER probes, respectively. Moreover, DNA quality was analyzed by PCR by using primer sets for DNA products of 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, and 600 base pairs, and evaluated by gel electrophoresis. When compared with IHC results in corresponding FFPE tumor tissue from the same patient, 24 out of 30 antibodies showed concordant ICC results. With FISH, distinctive hybridization signals were observed for SYT DNA sequences and EB virus RNA sequences. With PCR, DNA products, up to 600 base pairs in size, were readily observed after gel electrophoresis. The antibodies that showed concordant immunostaining in Cellient blocks could be applied to diagnostic algorithms that proved to be helpful in the discrimination of major tumor types (carcinoma, lymphoma, melanoma, and germ cell tumors), discrimination of carcinoma subtypes, and determination of primary tumor site in cases of metastatic carcinoma. In a separate study, we found that the application of ICC to this cell block technique provided additional diagnostic and clinically important information in 24% of 100 consecutive cases. The high quality of DNA and RNA in Cellient cell blocks allowed sensitive and specific molecular biologic analysis, in particular FISH and PCR. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2013;41:734-741. (c) 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</p>

Procedure-related, false-positive cytology results during EUS-guided FNA in patients with esophageal cancer

Background: EUS is a standard staging procedure in esophageal cancer. For adequate staging, FNA of suspicious lymph nodes is recommended. Based on optimal staging, sophisticated treatment can be applied more properly. The working channel of the endoscope can potentially be contaminated by cancer cells derived from the luminal surface of esophageal cancer during EUS-guided FNA, which may result in false-positive cytology results of EUS-guided ENA of celiac lymph nodes. Objective: To determine whether passing an endoscope through intraluminal esophageal cancer can lead to contamination of the working channel with tumor cells. Design: An ex vivo assessment of contamination of endoscope working channels. Setting: University hospital. Patients: This study, involved 13 patients with esophageal cancer. Intervention: Working channels of endoscopes that had been used in patients with intraluminal esophageal cancer were studied immediately after EUS. A routine ex vivo FNA was performed through the endoscope on 8 patients. The same procedure was performed through the endoscope on 5 other patients after the working channel had been cleaned by extensive flushing. Main Outcome Measurements: Semiquantitative scoring of cytology smears. Results: Six of 8 specimens contained carcinoma cells. No contamination by carcinoma cells or normal cells was observed when the working channel was flushed with tap water prior to the sham FNA procedure. Limitations: This was an ex vivo study of a limited group of patients. Conclusion: The working channel of the endoscope can be contaminated during the EUS-guided FNA procedure. Cancer cell contamination can be avoided by flushing the endoscope. (Gastrointest Endosc 2010;71:1130-3.