مقارنة بين الزّجّاج والنّحّاس في كتابيهما إعراب القرآن

يُعد إعراب القرآن الكريم من أفضل العلوم وأجلها؛ لأنه يعنى بدراسة وبيان معاني القرآن وإيضاح كلامه، وقد اهتم به الأولون من العلماء قبل الآخرين، وأبلوا فيه كل بلاء حسن، بل ويعتبر القرآن الكريم المحفز الرئيس لنشأة وتطور علم اللغة بشكل عام وعلمي النحو والبلاغة بشكل خاص، ولذا قدم العلماء فيه كل الجهد مبرزين إياه تقعيدا وتنظيما، ومن ثم نزلوا ما قعدوه من قواعد وألفوه من علوم على كتاب الله عز وجل ليستبين القارئ له سبل الرشاد والغاية من المراد، ومن أولئك العلماء الأجلاء في هذا المضمار كل من الزجاج (ت: 311 هـ)، وتلميذه النحاس (ت: 338 هـ)، اللذين كان لهما الأثر الكبير في مسيرة الدراسات القرآنية على وجه العموم، ومسيرة الدراسات المتعلقة بإعراب القرآن الكريم على وجه الخصوص، حيث إن كتابيهما يعدان من أشهر كتب إعراب القرآن الكريم، وفي سعينا لإبراز منهجيهما نكون سعينا في تقديم منهج لإعراب القرآن في القرن الرابع الهجري على يدي العالمين الجليلين ومما يمتاز به أن العلاقة بينهما علاقة الأستاذ بطالبه، ومع ذلك لم تخل من خلاف في المنهج أو التطبيق بين الفينة والأخرى في كتابيهما، وهذا إن دل يدل على الحرية العلمية وتطورها في ذلك العصر، والتي ربما تتابع أثرها إلى عصرنا الحالي، إضافة إلى أن المستفاد من مثل هذه الدراسات يبرز مدى معرفة أبناء تلك الحقبة لقواعد العربية نحوها وصرفها، من خلال التطبيق المعتمد في منهج المؤلفين اللذان لم يقفا في إعرابهما على كل كلمة ولا على كل جملة ولا أتيا بتفصيل الإعراب كما هو المعهود في أيامانا هذه، وكما سيبدو جليا في ثنايا البحث، وبالمقابل يرينا مدى المعرفة الواجب علمها في قواعد العربية على أبنائها لفهم كتاب الله عز وجل على الأقل في تلك الحقبة وما يجب العمل عليه للوصول إلى تلك السوية في أيامنا هذه. فتناولت هذه المقالة الحديث عن المقارنة بين كتابيهما إعراب القرآن الكريم في المنهج والأسلوب ومادة العرض، إذ تناول الفصل الأول لمحة تاريخية عن مباحث إعراب القرآن وأشهر كتبه، بعد التعريف بمفهوم إعراب القرآن الكريم، أما الفصلان الثاني والثالث فقد خُصصا للكلام عن كل من الزجاج والنحاس كل على حدة، وذلك من حيث نسبهما، وحياتهما، وعلمهما، وآراء العلماء بمنهجيهما، وفي نهاية كل فصل تناول الحديث عن كتابيهما إعراب القرآن بشكل مفصل من حيث المنهج والأسلوب في سردهما لكتابيهما وما المواضيع التي تطرق لها كل منهما كاستخدامهما للجانب اللغوي واللفظي والنحوي والبلاغي في تحليل وإعراب الآيات، مع ذكر العديد من الأمثلة التي تبين المراد مما مرّ، والتنويه على استفادتهما من الأحاديث النبوية والقراءات القرآنية، واستشهادهما بآراء النحويين والبلاغيين والمفسرين والقراء، علاوة على استشهادهما بكلام العرب؛ شعرًا ونثرًا وحكمًا وأمثالًا، وأردف البحث بخاتمة تحوي أهم النتائج والتوصيات التي توصل إليها الباحثان

Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives as possible anticancer agents

The synthesis of new N-(5-substituted-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-2-[(5-(substituted amino)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)thio]acetamide derivatives and investigation of their anticancer activities were the aims of this work. All the new compounds’ structures were elucidated by elemental analyses, IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and MS spectral data. Anticancer activity studies of the compounds were evaluated against MCF-7 and A549 tumor cell lines. In addition, with the purpose of determining the selectivity of cytotoxic activities, the most active compound was screened against a healthy NIH3T3 cell line (mouse embryonic fibroblast cells). Among the tested compounds, compound 4y (N-(5-ethyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-2-((5-(p-tolylamino)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)thio)acetamide), showed promising cytotoxic activity against MCF7 cancer cell with an IC50 value of 0.084 ± 0.020 mmol L–1 and against A549 cancer cell with IC50 value of 0.034 ± 0.008 mmol L–1, compared with cisplatin. The aromatase inhibitory activity was evaluated for compound 4y on MCF-7 cell line showing promising activity with IC50 of 0.062 ± 0.004 mmol L–1

The frequency of Duchenne muscular dystrophy/Becker muscular dystrophy and Pompe disease in children with isolated transaminase elevation: results from the observational VICTORIA study

IntroductionElevated transaminases and/or creatine phosphokinase can indicate underlying muscle disease. Therefore, this study aims to determine the frequency of Duchenne muscular dystrophy/Becker muscular dystrophy (DMD/BMD) in male children and Pompe disease (PD) in male and female children with isolated hypertransaminasemia.MethodsThis multi-center, prospective study enrolled patients aged 3–216 months with serum alanine transaminase (ALT) and/or aspartate transaminase (AST) levels >2× the upper limit of normal (ULN) for ≥3 months. Patients with a known history of liver or muscle disease or physical examination findings suggestive of liver disease were excluded. Patients were screened for creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) levels, and molecular genetic tests for DMD/BMD in male patients and enzyme analysis for PD in male and female patients with elevated CPK levels were performed. Genetic analyses confirmed PD. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of the patients were analyzed.ResultsOverall, 589 patients [66.8% male, mean age of 63.4 months (standard deviation: 60.5)] were included. In total, 251 patients (188 male and 63 female) had CPK levels above the ULN. Of the patients assessed, 47% (85/182) of male patients were diagnosed with DMD/BMD and 1% (3/228) of male and female patients were diagnosed with PD. The median ALT, AST, and CPK levels were statistically significantly higher, and the questioned neurological symptoms and previously unnoticed examination findings were more common in DMD/BMD patients than those without DMD/BMD or PD (p < 0.001).DiscussionQuestioning neurological symptoms, conducting a complete physical examination, and testing for CPK levels in patients with isolated hypertransaminasemia will prevent costly and time-consuming investigations for liver diseases and will lead to the diagnosis of occult neuromuscular diseases. Trial RegistrationClinicaltrials.gov NCT04120168

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Piperazine Containing Hydrazone Derivatives

Some hydrazone derivatives were synthesized and their potential anticholinesterase activities were examined. A series of eleven new compounds of N′-(2,4-disubstitutedbenzylidene)-2-(4-(4-nitrophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetohydrazide derivatives were obtained via reaction of 2-[4-(4-nitrophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]acetohydrazide with aromatic aldehydes. The chemical structures of the compounds were enlightened by FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and HRMS (ESI) spectral data. The inhibition potency of the compounds 3a–k against AChE and BuChE was measured and evaluated using a modification of Ellman’s spectrophotometric method. Among the tested compounds, compound 3c was assigned to be the most active derivative. Galantamine was used as a standard drug

Synthesis of 2-(5-(2-((5-(Cyclohexylamino)-1,3,4-Thiadiazol-2-yl)thio)ethyl)-1,3,4-Oxadiazol-2-yl) Derivatives and Their Antimicrobial Activity

The rate of invasive fungal infections has increased since the 1980s, particularly in the vast populace of immunocompromised patients as well as those hospitalized with serious underlying disease [1]. [...

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Piperazine Containing Hydrazone Derivatives

Some hydrazone derivatives were synthesized and their potential anticholinesterase activities were examined. A series of eleven new compounds of N′-(2,4-disubstitutedbenzylidene)-2-(4-(4-nitrophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetohydrazide derivatives were obtained via reaction of 2-[4-(4-nitrophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]acetohydrazide with aromatic aldehydes. The chemical structures of the compounds were enlightened by FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and HRMS (ESI) spectral data. The inhibition potency of the compounds 3a–k against AChE and BuChE was measured and evaluated using a modification of Ellman’s spectrophotometric method. Among the tested compounds, compound 3c was assigned to be the most active derivative. Galantamine was used as a standard drug

Synthesis and Anticandidal Activity of New Imidazole Derivatives

During the last few years, there has been an increased awareness of morbidity and mortality related to invasive and systemic fungal disease because of resistant fungi and immunocompromised infections, for instance, AIDS. [...

Novel 1-(2-pyrimidin-2-yl)piperazine derivatives as selective monoamine oxidase (MAO)-A inhibitors

In the present study, a new series of 2-[4-(pyrimidin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl 4-substituted piperazine-1-carbodithioate derivatives (2a-n) were synthesized and screened for their monoamine oxidase A and B inhibitory activity. The structures of compounds were elucidated using spectroscopic methods and some physicochemical properties of new compounds were predicted using Molinspiration and MolSoft programs. Compounds 2-[4-(pyrimidin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl 4-(4-nitrophenyl)piperazine-1-carbodithioate (2j) and 2-[4-(pyrimidin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl 4-benzhydrylpiperazine-1-carbodithioate (2m) exhibited selective MAO-A inhibitory activity with IC50 = 23.10, 24.14 µM, respectively. Some of the biological results were found in accordance with the obtained in silico data based on Lipinski’s fule of five

Synthesis and AChE Inhibitory Activity of Novel Thiazolylhydrazone Derivatives

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common of the degenerative brain diseases and is described together with the impairment of cognitive function. Patients with AD lose the capability to code new memories, and life conditions are extremely difficult. The development of new drugs in this area continues at a great pace. A novel series of thiazole-piperazine hybrids, aimed against Alzheimer’s disease (AD), have been synthesized. The structure identification of synthesized compounds was elucidated by 1HNMR, 13C-NMR, and LCMSMS spectroscopic methods. The inhibitory potential of the synthesized compounds on cholinesterase enzymes was investigated. The compounds 3a, 3c and 3i showed significant inhibitory activity on the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme. On the other hand, none of the compounds showed significant inhibitory activity on the butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzyme. In addition to enzyme inhibition studies, enzyme kinetic studies were performed to observe the effects of the most active inhibitor compounds on the substrate–enzyme relationship. In addition to in vitro tests, docking studies also indicated that compound 3c potentially acts as a dual binding site AChE inhibitor