Terry Stop or Arrest? The Washington Court Attempts a Distinction—State v. Williams, 102 Wn. 2d 733, 689 P.2d 1065 (1984)

In State v. Williams the Washington Supreme Court attempted to set forth specific criteria for determining when a temporary detention exceeds the bounds of a Terry stop and becomes an arrest, with the concomitant probable cause requirement. The court relied on both the fourth amendment and article 1, section 7 of the state constitution as the bases for its standards. The holding, however, is fact-specific, and the court\u27s discussion of the permissible scope and intensity of an investigatory stop does not adequately establish guidelines for the police to apply in a future situation. Further, because the court did not ground its decision firmly in state law, the limits of an investigatory stop in Washington may be modified by future federal rulings

Constitutional Protection for Creative Tax Shelter Promoters: Ninth Circuit Restricts the Government\u27s Arsenal of Power—United States v. Dahlstrom, 713 F.2d 1423 (9th Cir. 1983), cert. denied, 104 S. Ct. 2363 (1984)

In United States v. Dahlstrom, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals reversed the criminal tax fraud convictions of five tax advisers. The defendants had been convicted for developing and promoting a program in which a United States taxpayer shifted taxable income to a controlled trust in a tax-haven country. The Ninth Circuit held that, as a matter of law, the promoters of the foreign trust arrangement could not be convicted of counseling fraud because the particular scheme had not yet been declared fraudulent. Through its decision the court has restricted the government\u27s campaign against abusive tax shelters, and placed a constitutional limit on the powers available to the government for use against the promoters of creative tax shelters. Part I of this Note outlines the mechanics of the foreign trust arrangement. The legal background of the case is presented in Part II, followed in Part III by the reasoning of both the majority and the dissent. Part IV analyzes the decision, concludes that the court misapplied the fair-notice protection of the fifth amendment to reverse the convictions, and discusses the potential effects of the decision on the government\u27s tax compliance enforcement program as recently strengthened by Congress

Pollination Ecology in the Southwest

Comparisons of the pollination biology of members of a number of genera (Prosopis, Helianthus, Opuntia, and Krameria) widespread in the arid American Southwest are made between sites in the Sonoran Desert of southern Arizona and the dry oak-juniper grasslands of central Texas. As in the majority of cases studied to date in the dry regions of the Southwest, solitary bees are the dominant pollinators in all of the systems examined. Rich arrays of oligolectic bees are associated with Prosopis, Helianthus, and Opuntia, but none with Krameria which offers oils rather than pollen and nectar as the primary floral reward. Nevertheless, Krameria appears to have the most restricted pollination system as none of the other taxa are obligately dependent on their specialist bees. Reward production and bee foraging activity were examined in Opuntia and Helianthus. In Helianthus, bimodal pollen presentation, but near constant nectar production, results in different activity patterns of the specialist and generalist bees visiting the flowers. Reward production is unimodal in the Opuntia species studied, but diurnal phenological differences can result in apparent partitioning of floral resources by foraging bees

Rethinking the literacy capabilities of pre-service primary teachers in testing times

This paper demonstrates how teacher accreditation requirements can be responsibly aligned with a scholarly impetus to incorporate digital literacies to prepare pre-service teachers to meet changing educational needs and practices. The assessment initiatives introduced in the newly constructed four year undergraduate Bachelor of Education program at one Australian university are described and analysed in light of the debates surrounding pre-service primary teachers' literacy capabilities. The findings and subsequent discussion have implications for all literacy teacher educators concerned about the impact of standardised assessment practices on the professional future of teachers

Characterization of 14 microsatellite loci in a tropical palm, Attalea phalerata (Arecaceae)

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/142320/1/ajb2e105.pd

A phylogenetic assessment of breeding systems and floral morphology of North American Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae)

A phylogenetic investigation of 68 species and two varieties of tropical and temperate North American Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) using sequence data from the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) with parsimony and Bayesian analyses revealed multiple origins of autogamy. By assessing breeding systems and floral morphological characters in the context of this phylogeny, we estimate 16 independent origins of autogamy and 4 subsequent reversions to xenogamy. Transitions to autogamy are associated with reduced pollen-ovule ratios, decreased anther-stigma distance, and small flower size. Although the relationship between floral traits and breeding systems has been described in previous studies, this is the first investigation to examine this association in Ipomoea. - Una investigación filogenética sobre 68 especies y dos variedades de Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) en las zonas tropicales y templadas de Norteamérica, empleando datos de secuencias de ADN (ITS) con análisis de parsimonia y Bayesianos, demuestran orígenes múltiples de la autogamia. Basándose en la evaluación de los sistemas reproductivos y las características florales en el contexto de los resultados filogenéticos, estimamos 16 derivaciones independientes de la autogamia y cuatro reversiones a la xenogamia. Las transiciones a la autogamia se asocian con relaciones bajas de polen/óvulo, la disminución de la distancia entre las anteras y el estigma, y corolas pequeñas. Aunque estudios previos han tratado de las relaciones entre los sistemas reproductivos y los rasgos florales en las angiospermas, el presente estudio representa el primero que investigua estas relaciones en Ipomoea

Listado florístico de especies anuales de floración invernal en el noreste de Nuevo León, México

RESUMEN La provincia fisiográfica Gran Llanura de Norteamérica en el noreste de Nuevo León, desde el punto de vista florístico ha sido la menos estudiada en el estado. En este estudio se presenta una lista preliminar de las especies anuales que florecen de diciembre a marzo, basada en trabajo de campo y revisión de las colecciones en los herbarios TEX/LL y UNL. Se incluyen 73 especies, de las cuales 85% son nativas y el 15% restante son introducidas. Once especies (15%) se consideran malezas invasoras o nocivas en alguna parte de Norteamérica. Aunque muchas de las especies son ruderales, el conjunto de especies es variado y su importancia biológica y ecológica como componente de la vegetación nativa es desconocida. Nueve especies son registradas como nuevas para la flora de Nuevo León. Este estudio demuestra que la flora de esta región esta imperfectamente documentada ABSTRACT The northeastern part of Nuevo León falls within the North American Great Plains physiographic province and it has been floristically the poorlest studied portion of the state. This study presents a preliminary list of the annual species that flower from December through March, based on field work and review of collections in the TEX/LL and UNL herbaria. Seventy three species are included, of which 85% are native and the rest (15%) are introduced. Eleven species (15%) are considered invasive or noxious weeds in some part of North America. Although many of the species are ruderals, the total group is varied and its biological and ecological importance as a part of the native vegetation is unknown. Nine species are reported as new for the flora of Nuevo León. This study shows that the flora in the region is imperfectly documente

A revision of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae: Sanguisorbeae) /

no.43 (1979

(Vol. 02, 1999-12) A Revision of Hoffmannseggia (Fabaceae) in North America

Hoffmannseggia, a genus of the Caesalpinieae, Caesalpinioideae, has been treated as a synonym of Caesalpinia or as a distinct genus with as many as 25 species. Recent molecular and morphological work has provided strong support for a monophyletic Hoffmannseggia distinct from either Caesalpinia or Pomaria. This revision provides the first complete nomenclature and discussion of the 11 species ( 12 taxa) of Hoffmannseggia occurring in North America. Included are a key to the species, maps showing distributions, and photographs of flowers or fruits of six species.Billie L. Turner Plant Resources Cente

(Vol. 01, 1998-05) A Revision of Pomaria (Fabaceae) in North America

The genus Pomaria, described by Cavanilles in 1799 but subsequently submerged in either Caesalpinia or Hoffmannseggia, is treated here as a distinct genus and the North American species are revised. This revision provides a key, corrected nomenclature, new combinations, and descriptions for all North American species. One new species is described and distribution maps are provided for each of the nine species.Billie L. Turner Plant Resources Cente