Mise au point d'un indicateur de croissance économique locale pour l'évaluation des politiques de développement rural

Working paper ; 2 (DOC 7720/1/2 INRA DIJON Berriet-Solliec 2000)Diffusion du document : INRA UMR INRA-ENESAD 26 bd du Docteur Petitjean 21100 Dijon (FRA)Une méthode d'utilisation de données fiscales, disponibles à l'échelle communale, est mise au point pour construire un indicateur de croissance économique utilisable à l'échelle infra-régionale. L'objectif du travail engagé est, dans une deuxième étape, de réaliser l'évaluation quantitative de la politique européenne de développement rural en Bourgogne et en Bretagne (programme 5b, 1991-1993). L'information utilisée est la base brute de la taxe professionnelle, qui peut, sous certaines conditions, être considérée comme un indicateur de valeur ajoutée. Cet indicateur est validé au niveau régional, puis utilisé pour caractériser l'évolution économique des zones aidées par le programme 5b, par comparaison avec celle des zones non éligibles. Sur la période étudiée (1981-1994), on constate une amélioration relative de la situation des zones rurales fragiles de Bretagne, qu'on ne retrouve pas en Bourgogne. Cette première approche nécessite d'être prolongée, notamment pour contrôler les "biais de sélection" qu'elle est susceptible d'engendrer

the growth of brain and muscles in premature neonates: a comparison between antenatal and postnatal periods (infants from birth to 40 days of life)

peer reviewe

Antisalmonellal Activities of Extracts, Fractions, Compounds and Semi-synthetic Flavonoid Derivatives from Tristemma hirtum P. Beauv (Melastomataceae)

The development and spread of resistance to currently available antibiotics is a major drawback in the treatment of microbial infections. Salmonellosis for example remains among the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. This study aimed to evaluate the antisalmonellal potential of extracts, fractions, isolated compounds and semi-synthetic flavonoids from Tristemma hirtum P. Beauv. Bioguided fractionation by column chromatography of the EtOAc and n-BuOH fractions led to the isolation of eleven compounds including two new esterified glucuronide flavonoids namely: luteolin-3′-O-β-D-glucuronopyranosylbutyl ester (1), a mixture of compound 1 and quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronopyranosylbutyl ester (2). Chemical transformation mainly based on the prenylation of 6-hydroxyapigenin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5) afforded four new semi-synthetic flavonoid derivatives namely: 6, 4'-O-diprenylapigenin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5a), 8-Cprenyl- 6, 4'-O-diprenylapigenin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5b), 8-C-prenyl-4'-O-prenylapigenin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5c), 4'-O-prenylapigenin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5d). The chemical structures of these compounds were assigned using NMR techniques, mass spectrometry and by comparison of their data with reported ones. The antisalmonellal activity was assessed by determining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) using serial microdilution methods. The results showed that the MeOH extract and EtOAc fraction were active against all the bacteria tested with MICs ranging from 24 to 1536 μg/mL. Seven isolated compounds and three semi-synthetic compounds tested showed MIC values ranging from 16 to 256 μg/mL. Compounds 1, 3, 5a, 5c and 11 displayed the most potent antisalmonellal properties but were generally less potent than those of reference drugs. The activity of extracts and isolated compounds could be used as the starting point for the development of alternative phytodrugs against salmonellosi

The P2Y1 receptor is involved in the maintenance of glucose homeostasis and in insulin secretion in mice

Pancreatic β cells express several P2 receptors including P2Y1 and the modulation of insulin secretion by extracellular nucleotides has suggested that these receptors may contribute to the regulation of glucose homeostasis. To determine whether the P2Y1 receptor is involved in this process, we performed studies in P2Y1 mice. In baseline conditions, P2Y1-mice exhibited a 15% increase in glycemia and a 40% increase in insulinemia, associated with a 10% increase in body weight, pointing to a role of the P2Y1 receptor in the control of glucose metabolism. Dynamic experiments further showed that P2Y1-mice exhibited a tendency to glucose intolerance. These features were associated with a decrease in the plasma levels of free fatty acid and triglycerides. When fed a lipids and sucrose enriched diet for 15 weeks, the two genotypes no longer displayed any significant differences. To determine whether the P2Y1 receptor was directly involved in the control of insulin secretion, experiments were carried out in isolated Langerhans islets. In the presence of high concentrations of glucose, insulin secretion was significantly greater in islets from P2Y1-mice. Altogether, these results show that the P2Y1 receptor plays a physiological role in the maintenance of glucose homeostasis at least in part by regulating insulin secretion

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

Le second volume du traité de géologie de E. Haug

Bertrand Léon. Le second volume du traité de géologie de E. Haug. In: Annales de Géographie, t. 21, n°118, 1912. pp. 364-369