Mg and its alloys for biomedical applications: Exploring corrosion and its interplay with mechanical failure

The future of biomaterial design will rely on temporary implant materials that degrade while tissues grow, releasing no toxic species during degradation and no residue after full regeneration of the targeted anatomic site. In this aspect, Mg and its alloys are receiving increasing attention because they allow both mechanical strength and biodegradability. Yet their use as biomedical implants is limited due to their poor corrosion resistance and the consequential mechanical integrity problems leading to corrosion assisted cracking. This review provides the reader with an overview of current biomaterials, their stringent mechanical and chemical requirements and the potential of Mg alloys to fulfil them. We provide insight into corrosion mechanisms of Mg and its alloys, the fundamentals and established models behind stress corrosion cracking and corrosion fatigue. We explain Mgs unique negative differential effect and approaches to describe it. Finally, we go into depth on corrosion improvements, reviewing literature on high purity Mg, on the effect of alloying elements and their tolerance levels, as well as research on surface treatments that allow to tune degradation kinetics. Bridging fundamentals aspects with current research activities in the field, this review intends to give a substantial overview for all interested readers; potential and current researchers and practitioners of the future not yet familiar with this promising material. © 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland

LA Residents and the 2028 Olympics

ANGELENOS BACK HOSTING 2028 OLYMPICS, LOYOLA MARYMOUNT SURVEY FINDS LOS ANGELES, August 1, 2017 – Public support for hosting the 2028 Summer Olympic Games in Los Angeles is overwhelming, and nearly as strong as it was for the 2024 Games, according to a survey by the Thomas and Dorothy Leavey Center for the Study of Los Angeles at Loyola Marymount University. The survey, conducted July 13-18, found 83 percent of respondents in Los Angeles County said they want L.A. to host the Olympics in 2028. In an LMU survey conducted last year, 88 percent backed the city’s effort to land the 2024 contest. The International Olympic Committee recently decided to name host cities for both the 2024 and 2028 Games at its upcoming meeting in September. Los Angeles officials recently announced an agreement that would let Paris host first, leaving L.A. to host in 2028. “The support among Angelenos for hosting the Summer Olympics remains strong, whether it’s in 2024 or 2028,” said Brianne Gilbert, associate director of the Center. “The vast majority want the Games in L.A.” Local public opinion has consistently favored hosting the Olympics. An IOC poll earlier this year, whose methodology was not disclosed, found 78 percent of respondents in Los Angeles supported the city’s original 2024 bid. The LMU survey reached 600 respondents by phone and online. It found 54 percent “strongly support” the 2028 Olympics, 29 percent “somewhat” supported, 9 percent “somewhat” opposed and 8 percent “strongly” opposed. Among those who backed the bid, the most frequently cited reason was for a perceived economic boost to the region. The survey found no major differences among demographic categories—that is, support for the 2028 Olympics was similar across the board. Additionally, 70 percent of respondents said they’d attend an Olympic event in person if Los Angeles hosted in 2028. But on the other end of the spectrum, 21 percent indicated they would leave town during the Games. The survey was funded by the LA24 Committee, Los Angeles Area Chamber of Commerce, and Loyola Marymount University.https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/studyla-databriefs/1023/thumbnail.jp

Residents\u27 Support for Sanctuary Cities: 2017 Los Angeles Public Opinion Survey Report

MAJORITY OF L.A. COUNTY RESIDENTS SUPPORT LOCAL ‘SANCTUARY CITIES,’ LMU SURVEY FINDS More than two-thirds of Los Angeles County residents support the idea of making their hometown a “sanctuary city” where undocumented immigrants could be shielded from deportation, according to a survey conducted by Loyola Marymount University researchers. Forty percent of those surveyed said they “strongly support” a sanctuary city where they live, with 28 percent saying they “somewhat support” the idea. Among opponents, 15 percent said they “somewhat oppose” a sanctuary city in their town, and 17 percent “strongly oppose.” “With such a high level of support for sanctuary cities, ICE’s enforcement would be more difficult. In our survey people are sending a clear message that ICE is not welcome here,” said Fernando Guerra, professor of political science and director of the study. The question was one of dozens asked by the Thomas and Dorothy Leavey Center for the Study of Los Angeles as part of its Forecast LA conference, which includes a wide-ranging survey of Angelenos about the region’s economic outlook and political climate. The conference will be held at LMU on April 19. The issue has been at the forefront of national politics since President Trump not only promised to increase deportations of undocumented immigrants, but also threatened to cut off funding to sanctuary cities. There is no clear definition of what a sanctuary city is, but Los Angeles and many other cities in California have refused to assist efforts to identify undocumented immigrants for deportation, such as holding them after they’ve served jail sentences or allowing local police to question residents about their immigration status. The survey found Latino respondents were the strongest backers of sanctuary cities: 84 percent said they strongly or somewhat supported the idea. African Americans were at 67 percent, and Asian Americans had 57 percent support. White respondents were nearly split, with 51 percent supporting and 49 percent opposing. “We found as the generations get younger, the support increases,” said StudyLA Associate Director Brianne Gilbert. “While all generations were supportive of their city being a sanctuary city, millennials were the most supportive, at 74 percent.” \The survey was conducted by telephone and online in January and February, among 1,200 Los Angeles city residents and 1,200 residents in the rest of the county. The margin of error is +/- 3.0 percent.https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/studyla-reports/1015/thumbnail.jp

Residents\u27 Trust of Institutions: 2017 Los Angeles Public Opinion Survey Report

ANGELENOS TRUST POLICE MORE THAN ANY OTHER INSTITUTION, LMU SURVEY FINDS Some 25 years after Los Angeles smoldered during massive civil unrest, sparked by a widespread belief that the city’s police were biased and unaccountable, Angelenos trust the LAPD more than any other local institution, according to a survey conducted by Loyola Marymount University researchers. But a troubling racial gap remains, as white and Asian American residents are far more likely to view the Los Angeles Police Department through a positive lens, while African Americans in Los Angeles perceive the police in negative terms. The findings represent a ray of hope for the Los Angeles Police Department, a force often troubled in the past by poor relationships with the communities it patrols. The 1992 riots and unrest broke out after four officers captured on video beating African American suspect Rodney King were acquitted of brutality charges in a Simi Valley courtroom. “While the LAPD has had its share of serious issues, the one constant over the last two decades has been efforts by its leadership to mend fences and build relationships with the people of Los Angeles, especially minority communities,” said Fernando Guerra, professor of political science and Chicana/o Studies and director of the center. “Our survey shows the effort has not been wasted, but that more work must still be done.” The results come from a survey conducted by the Thomas and Dorothy Leavey Center for the Study of Los Angeles at LMU. The center has surveyed residents every five years since the riots, creating a longitudinal portrait of how the city and region’s attitudes have changed. The full report will be released on Wednesday. This year, respondents were asked if several institutions could be trusted “to do what is right.” Among the choices were the federal government, state government, city government, LAPD, Department of Water and Power, the news media, Los Angeles Unified School District, labor unions, religious institutions, or their neighbors. Among official groups, the LAPD rated highest, with 58 percent saying the police would do the right thing “just about always” or “most of the time.” The only category ranked higher was the amorphous “your neighbors.” The major gap in perception occurs between races. Among white respondents, 69 percent said the LAPD would do the right thing, and 68 percent of Asian Americans agreed. But for African Americans surveyed, just 39 percent agreed. Latinos were in the middle, at 54 percent. “In one sense, the data tell us something we already knew in Los Angeles: that even after years of outreach and building bridges, different ethnic groups have widely varying relationships with the police,” said Brianne Gilbert, associate director of the center. Also troubling, in an era of fake news and rampant presidential falsehoods, the news industry was the least trusted by Angelenos. Nearly one-fifth (19 percent) of respondents said “the media” does what is right “none of the time.” The survey was conducted by telephone and online in January and February, among 1,200 Los Angeles city residents. The margin of error is +/- 3.0 percent.https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/studyla-reports/1016/thumbnail.jp

Residents\u27 Sports Preferences: 2017 Los Angeles Public Opinion Survey Report

LOS ANGELES LOVES A WINNER In 2017, LA bleeds Dodger Blue. Although some might make a strong case that Los Angeles has been a blue city for decades, this is the first year of the LA Public Opinion Survey that Angelenos’ preference for the Dodgers has overtaken their love for the Lakers. For four years, StudyLA has asked Angelenos which professional team is their favorite out of those with “LA” in their name. For three straight years, the Lakers have come out on top. However, that percentage has dropped steadily as their inability to make the playoffs has taken a toll on fan loyalty. In 2017, for the first time the Dodgers eked out the Lakers for the top spot in our survey, with 36% of residents ranking them as their favorite professional sports team with LA in their name. The Lakers took a backseat with 35%, while the Clippers ranked a distant third with only 7%. This year, for the first time we also asked about the newest team to play in LA; the Los Angeles Rams garnered 5% of Angelenos’ top support.https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/studyla-reports/1014/thumbnail.jp

Garcetti for President

GARCETTI FOR PRESIDENT? ANGELENOS SAY: GO FOR IT LOS ANGELES, September 22, 2017 – A strong majority of residents in Los Angeles say they’d support Mayor Eric Garcetti if he chose to run for president, according to a survey by the Thomas and Dorothy Leavey Center for the Study of Los Angeles at Loyola Marymount University. The question was asked of Angelenos as part of a wide-ranging survey conducted by the center’s researchers in July. Of those who responded, 63 percent said they would be “strongly supportive” or “somewhat supportive” of Garcetti launching a bid for the White House. “At least in his home town, Mayor Garcetti polls strongly as a potential candidate for president,” said Fernando Guerra, director of the center and a professor of Political Science and Chicana/o Studies. “Naturally, it’s far too soon to tell what kind of support that could translate into outside of Los Angeles. But as of today, he’d have L.A.’s backing.” Recent news reports have speculated that Garcetti may be considering a run in the 2020 presidential election. Last month, he attended a fundraiser and gave a speech in New Hampshire, the first state to hold a presidential primary. He has also appeared at Democratic Party events in Wisconsin and the Center for American Progress’s Ideas Conference in Washington, D.C. The survey culled opinions from 914 respondents throughout Los Angeles County. Support for a hypothetical Garcetti presidential campaign was strongest among Latinos (73 percent), residents aged 30-44 (69 percent), and those earning less than $40,000 a year (74 percent). The only demographic groups mostly opposed to the idea were those with advanced graduate degrees or those earning more than$100,000 annually. Even among residents who self-identified as “conservative,” 51 percent surveyed said they backed the idea of a Garcetti candidacy.https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/studyla-databriefs/1022/thumbnail.jp

March 7, 2017 Mayoral Election in Los Angeles

GARCETTI EXPECTED TO WIN MARCH 7 ELECTION According to Angelenos surveyed this month by Loyola Marymount University’s Thomas and Dorothy Leavey Center for the Study of Los Angeles, Eric Garcetti will win next week’s election for Mayor. The overwhelming support for Garcetti coupled with the expected low voter turnout and the incumbency advantage virtually guarantees a majority win, eliminating the need for a runoff election in May. “Historically, voter turnout for off-year local elections has been extremely low,” said Fernando Guerra, director and professor of political science and Chicana/o studies at LMU. “This means that votes from those who do show up will have even more of an individual impact than those in higher turnout elections.” The opinion poll was administered by StudyLA in January and February to 2,400 Los Angeles County residents through a mixed-mode (telephone and online) survey. Those who self-identified as registered voters living in the City of Los Angeles (n=950) were asked, “If the Municipal Election was today, for whom would you vote for mayor?” The major findings include: ▪▪ Just over half of self-identified registered voters reported they would vote for Eric Garcetti. ▪▪ Almost 40% of self-identified voters reported that they did not know for whom they would vote. ▪▪ Of those respondents who selected a candidate, Garcetti’s support increased to 81%. “Although we recognize the likely low voter turnout in this election, these results show Garcetti’s considerable influence and reputation in LA, and indicate that he is in a strong position to win the upcoming election,” said Brianne Gilbert, associate director at StudyLA. The Thomas and Dorothy Leavey Center for the Study of Los Angeles at Loyola Marymount University is one of the leading undergraduate research centers in the nation. The results of this report are part of the Los Angeles Public Opinion Survey, an annual outlook survey looking at quality-of-life perceptions, personal economic wellbeing, economic concerns, overall life satisfaction, and various civic issues. The full report will be released at the annual Forecast LA conference on April 19. For more information, please visit: lmu.edu/studyla.https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/studyla-databriefs/1024/thumbnail.jp

Olympics in LA: 2016 Los Angeles Public Opinion Survey Report

METHODOLOGY PUBLIC OUTLOOK SURVEY As part of Forecast LA’s unique approach to forecasting in the Los Angeles region, researchers at the Center for the Study of Los Angeles conduct an outlook survey at the beginning of each year. The LA Region Public Opinion Survey involved 20-minute telephone sessions with more than 2,400 adults living in Los Angeles County. Survey respondents were asked about quality-of-life perceptions, personal economic wellbeing, economic concerns, overall life satisfaction, and various civic issues. SAMPLING Since the primary purpose of this study was to gather representative input from adult residents within the Los Angeles region, an initial random digit dial (RDD) sample was employed. The RDD sample was drawn by determining the active phone exchanges (the first three numbers of a seven-digit phone number) and blocks with a given sampling area (in this case, by the zip codes that comprise the county). A random list of all active residential and cell phone numbers in the area was produced. This method included both listed and unlisted phone numbers. Listed samples were used to meet particular quotas for racial/ethnic categories and geographic location. The margin of error is ±3.0% for the entire sample of 2,425 residents. SCREENERS The protocol for this study involves asking potential respondents a series of questions, referred to as screeners, which were used to ensure that the person lived within the county and were at least 18 years old. The sample size was 1,225 residents from the city of Los Angeles and 1,200 residents from Los Angeles County who live outside the city of LA. The first quota was a random digit dialing of approximately 1,300 residents (with 30% cell phone). Upon completion of each wave, the remaining necessary quotas were determined, and the racial/ethnic and geographic quotas were employed: 400 African American residents, 400 Asian residents, as well as 400 residents from the San Fernando Valley (only within the city of Los Angeles) and 400 residents from the San Gabriel Valley. Given the demographic proportion of Latino and Caucasian residents in the region, both groups were expected to naturally fall out from the initial wave of 1,300 subjects. DATA COLLECTION Telephone interviews were conducted the first four full weeks in January 2016 and first two weeks in February between the hours of 4:30pm and 9pm during the week, 10am to 4pm on Saturday, and 10am to 5pm on Sunday. The survey was translated into Spanish, Mandarin, and Korean. Translators who spoke Spanish, Mandarin, and Korean were available to conduct interviews for residents who only spoke, or were more comfortable speaking any of those languages. REPORTING DATA The margin of error is ±3.0%. The 2,425 responses collected in 2016 for this survey are weighted based on respondents’ self-identified racial/ethnic group, gender, age, and geographic location matching them to the most recently available population parameters from the American Community Survey estimates. Datasets are available in Excel and Stata. All numbers represent percentages, unless otherwise indicated. Due to rounding, not all rows or columns total 100%. SURVEY APPROVAL Approval to begin survey administration was granted from the Institutional Review Board at Loyola Marymount University. SURVEY FUNDING Funding for this project comes from a variety of donors (including the university’s own internal funds). Donors are not involved in any aspect of project design and data dissemination. All Center funders are aware that their donations can be applied to any one of the numerous research projects the Center conducts. To find out more about the Center’s funders visit www.lmu.edu/studyLA.https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/studyla-databriefs/1026/thumbnail.jp

LA Riots 25 Years Later: 2017 Los Angeles Public Opinion Survey Report

THE LOS ANGELES RIOTS SURVEYS The 1992 LA Riots had a profound impact on nearly every aspect of Los Angeles, including government policy, community relations, quality of life, and demographics. Many wondered how these Riots would affect future quality of life, and believed race relations in LA could no longer be ignored. In observance of each of the 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 year anniversaries of the LA Riots, StudyLA sponsored cross-sectional phone surveys of Angelenos to study their attitudes toward Los Angeles in a longitudinal effort to learn more about the Riots’ impact. A total of 5,455 Angelenos have been surveyed since 1997. This year, the survey was conducted in conjuction with the 2017 Public Opinion Survey.https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/studyla-reports/1013/thumbnail.jp

Black Lives Matter: 2017 Los Angeles Public Opinion Survey Report

MAJORITY OF L.A. COUNTY RESIDENTS AGREE WITH BLACK LIVES MATTER, LMU SURVEY FINDS Two-thirds (67%) of Los Angeles County residents agree with the Black Lives Matter movement, according to a survey conducted by Loyola Marymount University’s Thomas and Dorothy Leavey Center for the Study of Los Angeles. “In Los Angeles, even wedge issues become non-controversial,” said Fernando Guerra, director and professor of political science and Chicana/o studies at LMU. “Such a high level of support for the nationally controversial issue is astounding even for liberal LA.” The question was part of a public opinion poll administered by StudyLA in January and February to 2,400 Los Angeles County residents through a mixed-mode (telephone and online) method. The survey defined Black Lives Matter as a movement to bring attention to the relationship between African Americans and police departments across the country. Major findings include: ▪ Broken down by race, Blacks had the highest level of support for the movement (87% agree), followed by Latinos (71%), Asians (62%), and whites (59%). ▪ City of Los Angeles residents were more likely to agree with the movement (73% agree) as compared to Los Angeles County residents (64%). ▪ Liberals were very likely to agree with the movement (83%), while moderates had slightly lower levels of support (64%), and conservatives had the lowest levels of support (50%). ▪ Students (82% agree) and young Angelenos, ages 18-29 (76%) were supportive of the movement. Although Angelenos agreed with the movement at varying levels, demographics expected to oppose the movement came out with substantial levels of support. “Sure, Blacks, liberals, students, and millennials strongly support the movement just as expected,” said Brianne Gilbert, associate director of StudyLA. “But the fact that 50% of conservatives and 59% of whites agree with Black Lives Matter clearly shows that the majority of Angelenos stand with this movement.“ The Thomas and Dorothy Leavey Center for the Study of Los Angeles at Loyola Marymount University is one of the leading undergraduate research centers in the nation. The results of this report are part of the Los Angeles Public Opinion Survey, an annual outlook survey looking at quality-of-life perceptions, personal economic wellbeing, economic concerns, overall life satisfaction, and various civic issues. For more information, please visit: lmu.edu/studyla. The margin of error is +/-3.0 percent.https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/studyla-reports/1012/thumbnail.jp