5 research outputs found
L'enseignement des sciences expérimentales dans le systÚme éducatif primaire français : aspects historiques de ses fondations
Les sciences ne font vĂ©ritablement leur apparition dans les programmes de l'enseignement primaire français que dans la deuxiĂšme moitiĂ© du 19e siĂšcle. Les objectifs fixĂ©s ont d'abord concernĂ© uniquement le contenu scientifique ; puis les activitĂ©s d'Ă©veil portant sur la mĂ©thodologie ; les programmes insistent actuellement sur les compĂ©tences Ă acquĂ©rir sans pour autant exclure les contenus. Savoir et savoir faire semblent en compĂ©tition, comment gĂ©rer celle-ci ?Not until the second half of the nineteenth century do the various branches of science truly become an integral part of the official French grade school curriculum. The objectives laid clown were, initially speaking, solely concerned with the scientific contents, then at a later time, with exploratory activities bearing upon the scientific method. At the present time, official curriculums insist upon skips to be acquired by the students, yet not so far as to put aside contents in the process. Knowledge and skills appear to be seen as opposed to each other. How is this opposition to be dealt withÂ
Humans and nature relationship : images and text of ecology and environmental education
The present study investigated whether and how ecology and environmental education (EEE) affects the understanding of the Human-Nature relationship by images and historical, ethical and socio-economical textual information existing in textbooks targeting 14-15-year old children. Four subtopics - Uses of Resources; Pollution; Biodiversity; Ecosystems and Cycles â from textbooks of 15 different European and African countries were specifically selected, analyzed and comparisons were made. Results indicated that ecocentrism is the starting position. Historical, ethical and socio-economical dimensions relating to EEE is usually poor. There were also limited references to juridical norms and international agreements concerning environmental protection, biodiversity and sustainability issues.European Project FP6 Biohead-Citizen CIT2-CT-2004-506015.Fundação para a CiĂȘncia e Tecnologia - LIBEC/CIFPEC - Unidade de investigação (16/644)
L'Ăducation Ă l'environnement dans les manuels scolaires de sciences de la vie et de la Terre
Die Erziehung zum Umweltschutz wird in den offiziellen französischen RahmenplĂ€nen seit 1971 erwĂ€hnt. Diejenigen von 1993 forderten einen fĂ€cherĂŒbergreifenden Ansatz entweder im Rahmen von Projektarbeiten oder innerhalb eines Fachbereichs. Unter diesen FĂ€chern hatte das Fach Biologie (SVT) zuerst eine AnnĂ€herung durch die Ăkologie bevorzugt. Eine vergleichende Analyse von zwei aktuellen SVT-LehrbĂŒchern, von der 5. bzw. 6. Klasse bis zum Abitur (Verlage Bordas und Nathan) erlaubt es am Beispiel der Umweltverschmutzung, die Charakteristiken einer Erziehung zum Umweltschutz herauszustelllen, so wie sie in den Werken dargestellt wird. Wenn sich die Umwelt auch wie ein roter Faden durch die verschiedenen LehrplĂ€ne zieht, so ist dies nicht der Fall fĂŒr die erzieherische Komponente, die allerdings seit dem Gipfel von RIO (1992) klar defi niert ist.Teaching about the environment (TE) has been a part of the French Ministry of Educationâs offi cial directives since 1971. Those of 1993 proposed a multi-disciplinary approach to the topic either through projects or within specific subjects themselves with the earth sciences leading the way by initially taking an environmentalist approach to the question. A comparative study of two publishing housesâ current series of earth sciences text books for pupils aged 11 to 18 (Bordas and Nathan) enabled didactics researchers to defi ne current teaching about the environment using the example of pollution. While the environment represents one of the main topics of the syllabuses at the various secondary school levels, a fact which is obvious by the number of pages dedicated to the topic in the textbooks, this is somewhat untrue as to its educating role despite the directives of the Rio Summit of 1992.LâĂducation Ă lâenvironnement (ĂE) est citĂ©e dans les textes officiels français depuis 1971. Ceux de 1993 demandaient un regard pluridisciplinaire soit dans le cadre de projets, soit au sein de chaque discipline. Parmi ces derniĂšres, les sciences de la vie et de la Terre (SVT) avaient dâabord privilĂ©giĂ© une approche par lâĂ©cologie. Une analyse comparative de deux sĂ©ries actuelles de manuels scolaires de SVT, de la 6e Ă la terminale (Ă©diteurs Bordas et Nathan) permet de repĂ©rer, sur lâexemple des pollutions, les caractĂ©ristiques dâune ĂE telle quâelle est interprĂ©tĂ©e dans ces ouvrages. Si lâenvironnement apparaĂźt comme un fil conducteur des diffĂ©rents programmes, ce qui se traduit par son importance dans les manuels Ă©ditĂ©s, il nâen est pas de mĂȘme pour la dimension Ă©ducative pourtant dĂ©fi nie depuis le Sommet de Rio (1992).La educaciĂłn al medio ambiente (EE en Francia) es citada en los textos oficiales franceses desde 1971. Los de 1993 pedĂan una Ăłptica pluridisciplinaria sea en el ĂĄmbito de proyectos, sea en el seno de cada asignatura. Entre Ă©stas Ășltimas, las ciencias de la Naturaleza (SVT en Francia) habĂan privilegiado primero un enfoque por la ecologĂa. Un anĂĄlisis comparativo de dos series actuales de libros de texto de 1° de la Eso a 2° de Bachillerato franceses (Editores Bordas y Nathan) permite determinar, con el ejemplo de las contaminaciones, las caracterĂsticas de una educaciĂłn al Medio ambiente (EE) tal como estĂĄ interpretada es estas obras. Si el medio ambiente aparece como un hilo conductor de los diferentes programas, lo que se traduce por su importancia en los diferentes libros de texto, no es asĂ en cuanto a la dimensiĂłn educativa, defi nida sin embargo desde la cumbre de Rio de Janeiro (1992).Berthou-Gueydan Guillemette, ClĂ©ment Camille, ClĂ©ment Pierre. L'Ăducation Ă l'environnement dans les manuels scolaires de sciences de la vie et de la Terre. In: Aster, n°46, 2008. L'Ă©ducation Ă l'environnement ou au dĂ©veloppement durable. pp. 155-179
The biochemistry of drug metabolism : an introduction : part 6, Inter-individual factors affecting drug metabolism.
This review is part of a series of review articles on the metabolism of drugs and other xenobiotics published in Chemistry & Biodiversity. After a thorough discussion of metabolic reactions and their enzymes, this article focuses on genetically determined differences in drug and xenobiotic metabolism. After a short introduction on the causes for genetic differences, the first focus is on species differences in drug and xenobiotic metabolism. A major chapter is then dedicated to clinically relevant genetic polymorphisms in human drug metabolism and resultant ethnic differences. The last two chapters deal with sex-dependent differences in drug metabolism and personalized pharmacotherapy related to inter-individual differences in drug metabolism