TEDDI : radiotherapy delivery in deep inspiration for pediatric patients - a NOPHO feasibility study

Background: Radiotherapy (RT) delivered in deep inspiration breath-hold (DIBH) is a simple technique, in which changes in patient anatomy can significantly reduce the irradiation of the organs at risk (OARs) surrounding the treatment target. DIBH is routinely used in the treatment of some adult patients to diminish the risk of late effects; however, no formalized studies have addressed the potential benefit of DIBH in children. Methods/Design: TEDDI is a multicenter, non-randomized, feasibility study. The study investigates the dosimetric benefit of RT delivered in DIBH compared to free breathing (FB) in pediatric patients. Also, the study aims to establish the compliance to DIBH and to determine the accuracy and reproducibility in a pediatric setting. Pediatric patients (aged 5-17 years) with a tumor in the mediastinum or upper abdomen with the possible need of RT will be included in the study. Written informed consent is obligatory. Prior to any treatment, patients will undergo a DIBH training session followed by a diagnostic PET/CT-or CT-staging scan in both DIBH and FB. If the patient proceeds to RT, a RT planning CT scan will be performed in both DIBH and FB and two separate treatment plans will be calculated. The superior treatment plan, i.e. equal target coverage and lowest overall dose to the OARs, will be chosen for treatment. Patient comfort will be assessed daily by questionnaires and by adherence to the respiratory management procedure. Discussion: RT in DIBH is expected to diminish irradiation of the OARs surrounding the treatment target and thereby reduce the risk of late effects in childhood cancer survivors.Peer reviewe

Surgical Treatment of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Health Technology Assessment

Executive summary Background Carpal tunnel syndrome is a clinical syndrome characterized by symptoms and signs of irritation or impairment of the median nerve at the level of the wrist. Typical symptoms are numbness, tingling and pain in the hand, sometimes also in the arm and shoulder. Although surgical treatment with release of the transverse carpal ligament is an established treatment, the relative benefits and risks compared with non-surgical treatments is unclear. Objective The objective of this health technology assessment is to summarize the current knowledge on the efficacy and safety of decompression surgery for carpal tunnel syndrome compared to non-surgical treatments with wrist splinting, combinations of nonsurgical treatments, local corticosteroid injection (steroid injection) and physical therapy (including manual therapy). We planned to analyse outcomes based on pre-treatment severity of carpal tunnel syndrome (mild, moderate, and severe) if reported, to evaluate whether some subpopulations seem to benefit more from surgery than others. Methods We developed a project plan with input from the external experts and patient representatives. We searched for systematic reviews in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Wiley), Epistemonikos (Epistemonikos Foundation), INAHTA (International Network of Agencies for Health Technology Assessment), MEDLINE (Ovid) and Embase (Ovid), and for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), and Cochrane Central (Wiley) up to December 2020. Additionally, we identified randomized controlled trials from the systematic reviews. We included randomized controlled trials comparing surgery with the selected nonsurgical treatments in individuals aged 18 years or older, regardless of other comorbidities or severity of carpal tunnel syndrome. Our primary outcomes were symptom severity including paraesthesia and pain, functional impairment, and health-related quality of life. Secondary outcomes included adverse events. Data from 6 months, 1 year, 2 years and 5 years were retrieved, and primary time point of interest was set at 1 year. Two researchers independently selected trials for inclusion and assessed risk of bias of the included randomized controlled trials according to the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions (ROB1). One researcher extracted data, and one checked the accuracy of the data. We calculated measures of effect as mean difference (MD) or standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for continuous outcomes, and risk ratio (RR) with 95% CI for dichotomous outcomes. We merged data into meta-analyses when possible, and we present data as forest plots if appropriate. We assessed certainty of evidence for the primary outcomes at 1 year with Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). Due to great uncertainty in the estimates of the relative efficacy, we conducted a simplified assessment of economic consequences in the form of a cost analysis where the costs of the relevant non-surgical treatment alternatives in Norway, i.e., steroid injection and splinting, were estimated and compared to the costs of surgery for patients with mild to moderate carpal tunnel syndrome. In addition, we conducted a simple budget impact analysis to show possible cost savings. Results We included 10 randomized controlled trials (13 publications) with 960 patients or wrists with carpal tunnel syndrome. Mean age ranged from 41 to 53 years, and 51 to 100% of the participants were females. Seven trials excluded patients with severe carpal tunnel syndrome. All trials were at high risk of bias for at least two domains; lack of blinding of participants and assessors. Some trials had serious methodological concerns. None of the trials reported outcomes according to pre-treatment severity with mild, moderate, and severe carpal tunnel syndrome. Three trials compared surgery with splinting. At 1 year, low-certainty evidence from one trial (downgraded for bias and imprecision) suggested a superior, but small, effect of surgery on symptom severity, daytime paraesthesia, and function. For symptoms, which was considered as the most important outcome by the patient representatives and the project’s clinical experts, patients reported less severity after surgery than after splinting; the standardized mean difference between groups from the intention to treat (ITT) analyses was -0.47 (95% confidence intervals, CI -0.78 to -0.15). Notably, 38% of the patients allocated to splinting had undergone surgery at 1 year. Three trials compared surgery with non-surgical treatments. At 1 year, low-certainty evidence from one trial (downgraded for bias and imprecision) suggested a superior, but small, effect of surgery on symptom severity and hand function, and little or no difference in effect on pain. Mean difference between groups in symptom severity was - 0.33 points (95% CI -0.65 to -0.01). In this trial 44% of the patients allocated to nonsurgical treatment had undergone surgery at 1 year. “As treated” analyses revealed a larger mean difference between groups; -0.84 (95% CI -0.55 to -1.13) points. Two trials compared surgery with steroid injections and three trials compared surgery with manual therapy. We are uncertain of the efficacy of surgery compared to steroid injection and of surgery compared to manual therapy very low-certainty evidence (downgraded for bias and imprecision). Overall, few serious adverse events were reported, but rare adverse events such as complex regional pain syndrome did occur after surgery. The results of our economic evaluation showed that surgery is the most costly treatment at Norwegian kroner (NOK) 11,200 for treatment of patients with mild to moderate carpal tunnel syndrome. The non-surgical treatment alternatives splinting and local 8 Executive summary steroid injection cost approximately NOK 3,100. We estimated potential cost savings at the national level to be between 14.5 and 27.5 million NOK kroner over five years. Discussion Current evidence is insufficient to draw firm conclusions about the efficacy of surgery compared to non-surgical treatments. Low-certainty evidence demonstrated a superior effect of surgery compared to splinting and combinations of non-surgical treatments in patients with mild to moderate carpal tunnel syndrome, but the effect sizes were small, and the clinical relevance is therefore uncertain. An important finding from the trials was that a substantial proportion of patients allocated to non-surgical treatment had been treated with surgery at 1 year, suggesting that the patients were not satisfied with the conservative means. A planned Norwegian trial and other ongoing trials may further elucidate the relative efficacy of surgery to steroid injections. The trials of manual therapy were conducted at one single centre and other studies are needed to confirm the findings from these trials. We have conducted a simple analysis of the costs associated with the treatments in the short term. Therefore, we have not included subsequent treatment after initial treatment. If more reliable evidence becomes available, the long-term effect of the different treatment alternatives should be evaluated in a model-based analysis. There is moderate geographical variation in the provision of surgery for carpal tunnel syndrome in Norway. The need for surgery should be expected to be the same irrespective of geographic area. According to clinical experts, patients with mild to moderate carpal tunnel syndrome could initially have non-surgical treatments. We therefore performed a simple budget impact analysis to show possible cost-savings. However, there is uncertainty regarding this analysis. We did not have information about the distribution of disease severity in the surgically treated population in Norway and therefore we are uncertain about how many patients who could have been treated conservatively instead. This may have over- or underestimated the feasibility of the non-surgical treatments in the patient population used. Conclusion Overall, low-certainty evidence suggests that decompression surgery is slightly more effective than splinting and combinations of non-surgical treatments at 1 year in patients with mild to moderate carpal tunnel syndrome. There is insufficient evidence regarding the efficacy of surgery compared to steroid injections and manual therapy. Overall, few serious adverse events were reported, but small randomized trials are not suitable to make reliable comparisons of adverse events. Surgery is the most costly treatment alternative for patients with mild to moderate carpal tunnel syndrome. An observed regional variation in the provision of surgery in Norway suggests a potential for cost-saving per health region and at the national level if patients with mild to moderate carpal tunnel syndrome are initially treated with the non-surgical alternatives

Incidence of severe critical events in paediatric anaesthesia (APRICOT): a prospective multicentre observational study in 261 hospitals in Europe

Background Little is known about the incidence of severe critical events in children undergoing general anaesthesia in Europe. We aimed to identify the incidence, nature, and outcome of severe critical events in children undergoing anaesthesia, and the associated potential risk factors. Methods The APRICOT study was a prospective observational multicentre cohort study of children from birth to 15 years of age undergoing elective or urgent anaesthesia for diagnostic or surgical procedures. Children were eligible for inclusion during a 2-week period determined prospectively by each centre. There were 261 participating centres across 33 European countries. The primary endpoint was the occurence of perioperative severe critical events requiring immediate intervention. A severe critical event was defined as the occurrence of respiratory, cardiac, allergic, or neurological complications requiring immediate intervention and that led (or could have led) to major disability or death. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01878760. Findings Between April 1, 2014, and Jan 31, 2015, 31â127 anaesthetic procedures in 30â874 children with a mean age of 6·35 years (SD 4·50) were included. The incidence of perioperative severe critical events was 5·2% (95% CI 5·0â5·5) with an incidence of respiratory critical events of 3·1% (2·9â3·3). Cardiovascular instability occurred in 1·9% (1·7â2·1), with an immediate poor outcome in 5·4% (3·7â7·5) of these cases. The all-cause 30-day in-hospital mortality rate was 10 in 10â000. This was independent of type of anaesthesia. Age (relative risk 0·88, 95% CI 0·86â0·90; p<0·0001), medical history, and physical condition (1·60, 1·40â1·82; p<0·0001) were the major risk factors for a serious critical event. Multivariate analysis revealed evidence for the beneficial effect of years of experience of the most senior anaesthesia team member (0·99, 0·981â0·997; p<0·0048 for respiratory critical events, and 0·98, 0·97â0·99; p=0·0039 for cardiovascular critical events), rather than the type of health institution or providers. Interpretation This study highlights a relatively high rate of severe critical events during the anaesthesia management of children for surgical or diagnostic procedures in Europe, and a large variability in the practice of paediatric anaesthesia. These findings are substantial enough to warrant attention from national, regional, and specialist societies to target education of anaesthesiologists and their teams and implement strategies for quality improvement in paediatric anaesthesia. Funding European Society of Anaesthesiology

Incidence of severe critical events in paediatric anaesthesia (APRICOT): a prospective multicentre observational study in 261 hospitals in Europe

Background Little is known about the incidence of severe critical events in children undergoing general anaesthesia in Europe. We aimed to identify the incidence, nature, and outcome of severe critical events in children undergoing anaesthesia, and the associated potential risk factors. Methods The APRICOT study was a prospective observational multicentre cohort study of children from birth to 15 years of age undergoing elective or urgent anaesthesia for diagnostic or surgical procedures. Children were eligible for inclusion during a 2-week period determined prospectively by each centre. There were 261 participating centres across 33 European countries. The primary endpoint was the occurence of perioperative severe critical events requiring immediate intervention. A severe critical event was defined as the occurrence of respiratory, cardiac, allergic, or neurological complications requiring immediate intervention and that led (or could have led) to major disability or death. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01878760. Findings Between April 1, 2014, and Jan 31, 2015, 31 127 anaesthetic procedures in 30 874 children with a mean age of 6.35 years (SD 4.50) were included. The incidence of perioperative severe critical events was 5.2% (95% CI 5.0-5.5) with an incidence of respiratory critical events of 3.1% (2.9-3.3). Cardiovascular instability occurred in 1.9% (1.7-2.1), with an immediate poor outcome in 5.4% (3.7-7.5) of these cases. The all-cause 30-day in-hospital mortality rate was 10 in 10 000. This was independent of type of anaesthesia. Age (relative risk 0.88, 95% CI 0.86-0.90; p<0.0001), medical history, and physical condition (1.60, 1.40-1.82; p<0.0001) were the major risk factors for a serious critical event. Multivariate analysis revealed evidence for the beneficial effect of years of experience of the most senior anaesthesia team member (0.99, 0.981-0.997; p<0.0048 for respiratory critical events, and 0.98, 0.97-0.99; p=0.0039 for cardiovascular critical events), rather than the type of health institution or providers. Interpretation This study highlights a relatively high rate of severe critical events during the anaesthesia management of children for surgical or diagnostic procedures in Europe, and a large variability in the practice of paediatric anaesthesia. These findings are substantial enough to warrant attention from national, regional, and specialist societies to target education of anaesthesiologists and their teams and implement strategies for quality improvement in paediatric anaesthesia