Stop 2 Kainui silt loam and Naike clay, Gordonton Rd

At this stop are several remarkable features both stratigraphic and pedological, and a “two-storied” soil, the Kainui silt loam alongside (in just a few places) the Naike clay. Both soils are Ultisols. The sequence of tephra beds and buried soil horizons spanning about 1 million years was exposed in 2007 by road works

Stress dependent thermal pressurization of a fluid-saturated rock

Temperature increase in saturated porous materials under undrained conditions leads to thermal pressurization of the pore fluid due to the discrepancy between the thermal expansion coefficients of the pore fluid and of the solid matrix. This increase in the pore fluid pressure induces a reduction of the effective mean stress and can lead to shear failure or hydraulic fracturing. The equations governing the phenomenon of thermal pressurization are presented and this phenomenon is studied experimentally for a saturated granular rock in an undrained heating test under constant isotropic stress. Careful analysis of the effect of mechanical and thermal deformation of the drainage and pressure measurement system is performed and a correction of the measured pore pressure is introduced. The test results are modelled using a non-linear thermo-poro-elastic constitutive model of the granular rock with emphasis on the stress-dependent character of the rock compressibility. The effects of stress and temperature on thermal pressurization observed in the tests are correctly reproduced by the model

A Law of Nature?

Is there an overriding principle of nature, hitherto overlooked, that governs all population behavior? A single principle that drives all the regimes observed in nature - exponential-like growth, saturated growth, population decline, population extinction, oscillatory behavior? In current orthodox population theory, this diverse range of population behaviors is described by many different equations - each with its own specific justification. The signature of an overriding principle would be a differential equation which, in a single statement, embraces all the panoply of regimes. A candidate such governing equation is proposed. The principle from which the equation is derived is this: The effect on the environment of a population's success is to alter that environment in a way that opposes the success.Comment: Revised equation-numbering to correspond to published versio

Impact of pine looper defoliation in Scots pine

Widespread defoliation of forests caused by insects or fungi cause economic losses throughout the world. Successful outbreak management involves cost/benefit estimation and requires knowledge of potential yield losses. Currently, such knowledge is scarce. This thesis evaluates the significance of single-year defoliation by the pine looper moth (Bupalus piniaria L.) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) and secondary attack by the pine shoot beetle (Tomicus piniperda L.) (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) for yield losses in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). In a seven-year study, tree mortality and growth losses were quantified after a B. piniaria outbreak with a subsequent T. piniperda infestation at Hökensås in 1996. Secondary attack by T. piniperda was also studied in a Scots pine stand at Fredriksberg, infested by Gremmeniella abietina (Lagerberg) Morelet. in 2001. Tree mortality at Hökensås mainly occurred in areas with an average defoliation intensity of 90-100%. Tree mortality averaged 25%, and the “defoliation threshold” for tree survival was found to be 90% defoliation. Tree mortality peaked two years after the defoliation event, which coincided with high levels of pine shoot beetles. Involvement of T. piniperda in tree mortality increased with time since defoliation, and tree susceptibility to beetle attack increased with increasing defoliation intensity and decreasing dominance status of trees. As foliage of trees recovered, fewer trees were susceptible to beetle attack, and ultimately, beetle attacks ended as breeding substrate was depleted. Tree susceptibility to beetle attack was a function of tree vigour and beetle density. Growth losses at the Hökensås site were a combined effect of pine looper defoliation and shoot pruning by T. piniperda. Radial, height and volume growth losses were proportional to defoliation intensity. Whereas radial growth was little affected by beetle-induced shoot pruning, height growth was severely affected by beetle-induced damage to leading shoots. Growth losses alone, excluding tree mortality, were large enough to economically justify control of the pine looper outbreak had the outbreak been prevented in 1996. At Fredriksberg, T. piniperda colonised trees that would have survived the damage caused by G. abietina. However, trees with 90-100% foliage losses died because of the damage caused by G. abietina alone, and tree survival seemed to require that trees retained at least 20% of full foliage

A Penal Colony for Bad Lawyers

In this article I set out what I believe is an extreme and unconventional way to discipline egregiously bad lawyers. For starters, I think it might be useful to survey briefly the kinds of lawyering conduct currently subject to disciplinary sanctions. Regulation of the conduct of defense lawyers in the U.S. is hedged by various legal and professional rules that are enforced by courts and disciplinary bodies essentially to ensure a minimum level of competent and ethical representation. The Sixth Amendment right to counsel--the so-called “sacred” right--seeks to ensure at least a reasonable degree of lawyering skill. Also, professional codes seek to ensure zealous and meaningful representation. Nevertheless, these standards are very broad, and bad lawyering often escapes sanctions or even notice. Ironically, although bad defense lawyering, in my opinion, happens at least as often as bad prosecuting, the latter appears to have elicited more criticism by the media and the academic community. Why this disparate treatment of prosecutors and defense lawyers? It is a curious dichotomy, especially since bad lawyering by defense attorneys, as documented in many studies, accounts for at least as many miscarriages of justice as misconduct by prosecutors. To be sure, just as most prosecutors behave fairly and professionally, so do most defense lawyers represent their clients with skill and dedication. But, just as some prosecutors behave dishonorably, some defense lawyers behave incompetently. However, bad prosecutors are excoriated; bad defense lawyers are marginalized or ignored. Thus was born the idea--borrowed loosely from Kafka--of a “Penal Colony” as a disruptive innovation to improve the quality of American lawyers and punish the bad ones

An Impact Analysis of Microfinance in Bosnia and Herzegovina

This paper applies the financing constraint approach to study whether microfinance institutions improved access to credit for microenterprises in Bosnia and Herzegovina. According to this approach, microenterprises with improved assess to credit rely less on internal funds for their investments. Thus, we compare investment sensitivity to internal funds of micorenterprises in municipalities with significant presence of MFIs to that of micorenterprises in municipalities with no (or limited) presence of MFIs using Living Standards Measurement Survey and MFI branch location data. Results indicate that MFIs alleviated microbusinessesí financing constraint. This approach is applicable to evaluating microfinance impact in other countries.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/64359/1/wp915.pd

Villanova University School of Law Commencement Program - Class of 1981

The Program for the Commencement Exercises of the 26th graduating class of the Villanova University School of Law in 198