2-Amino-3-carb­oxy­pyrazin-1-ium dihydrogen phosphate

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C5H6N3O2 +·H2PO4 −, the dihydrogen phosphate anions are linked through short O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming infinite double chains running parallel to the b axis. Centrosymetric N—H⋯O hydrogen-bonded cationic dimers form bridges between these chains by means of inter­molecular N—H⋯O and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, leading to a two-dimensional network parallel to (100) in which R 3 3(12), R 4 3(10) R 2 2(8) and C(4) graph-set motifs are generated. Weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds connect these layers, forming a three-dimensional network

Fullerene Dynamics with X-Ray Free-Electron Lasers

Ultrafast and ultra-intense, short X-ray pulses from free-electron lasers (FELs) have opened up a new regime for all scientific research and for fullerenes in particular. FELs allow for the investigation of ultrafast nonlinear and multiphoton processes, as well as the exploration of the fragmentation dynamics of fullerenes. This chapter describes the FELs’ attributes that enable new FEL-based investigations. In particular, we report on the X-ray ionization and fragmentation of C60 under high- and mid-fluence femtosecond pulses, from the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. We also describe the X-ray ionization and fragmentation with low-fluence X-ray pulses of the endohedral fullerene (Ho3N@C80). We end our contribution by presenting opportunities for future time-resolved dynamics research using pump-probe techniques

Bis(2-amino-3-carb­oxy­pyridinium) sulfate trihydrate

In the title compound, 2C6H7N2O2 +·SO4 2−·3H2O, there are two independent cations which are connected into N—H⋯O hydrogen-bonded dimers. In the crystal, O—H⋯O hydrogen-bonded sulfate–water sheets run parallel to (001) and are linked into a three-dimensional network via inter­molecular N—H⋯O and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds through the 2-amino­nicotinium dimers. Further stabilization is provided by weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. R 4 3(10) and R 2 2(8) graph-set rings are observed. The crystal studied was an inversion twin with refined components of 0.45 (6) and 0.55 (6)

Bis(5-amino-3-carb­oxy-1H-1,2,4-triazol-4-ium) dihydrogenphosphate nitrate 5-amino-1H-1,2,4-triazol-4-ium-3-carboxyl­ate

In the title compound, 2C3H5N4O2 +·H2PO4 −·NO3 −·C3H4N4O2, three independent 5-amino-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-carb­oxy­lic acid moieties are observed. Two are in the form of cations, while the third is in the zwitterionic form. The triazole rings in the two cations are almost coplanar, making an angle of 4.11 (7)°. Layers parallel to the (20-1) plane, resulting from hydrogen bonding of the organic mol­ecules and the nitrate anions, are linked via H2PO4 − infinite zigzag chains running parallel to the c axis. The crystal studied was an inversion twin, with refined components of 0.33 (7) and 0.67 (7)

Towards a Quantitative Performance Measurement Model in a Buyer-Supplier Relationship Context

International audienc

Towards a unified descriptive framework for industrial objective declaration and performance measurement

International audienceExpressing the performance of industrial companies is an important feature for their continuous improvement. As the performance concept refers to the objective one, our idea is to relate the performance expression mechanism to that of the objective declaration. We propose a variable tree framework to describe the break-down of objectives and the expression of the performances, highlighting the multicriteria aspect of both the performance and the objectives. Moreover, the temporal aspects of the objective declarations are emphasised, leading to the introduction of both the objective and the performance temporal trajectories. Such trajectories take into account the whole of the temporal horizon that is associated with the achievement of the objective. The link between the provided trees and trajectories is established through the elementary objective notion which corresponds to the leaves of the trees. A conventional recursive depth-first search algorithm is applied to the variable tree for the computation of the corresponding performances, at any considered milestone of the temporal horizon. Finally, the overall throughput time of the hydraulic cylinders manufacturing line of the Bosch Rexroth Company is considered to illustrate the proposed ideas

5-Amino-3-carb­oxy-1H-1,2,4-triazol-4-ium nitrate monohydrate

The two-dimensional crystal packing of the title compound, C3H5N4O2 +·NO2 −·H2O, results from the stacking of well separated layers (i.e. with nothing between the layers) parallel to the (-113) plane in which adjacent cations adopt a head-to-head arrangement such that two –COOH groups are linked via two water mol­ecules (the water O atom behaves simultaneously as donor and acceptor of hydrogen bonds) and two –NH2 groups are linked through two nitrate anions. This arrangement leads to alternating hydro­philic and hydro­phobic zones in which O—H⋯O and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, respectively, are observed

Towards A System-Based Model For Overall Performance Evaluation In A Supply Chain Context

International audienceThe paper deals with the wide issue of overall performance expression of a system made of interacting entities. Formal aspects of overall performance expression are considered as a first step of this reflection in the context of supply chains (SC's). Indeed, a SC being a network of interconnected business entities, it is proposed to consider it as a system of systems. Because system behavior depends on process dynamics, the performance of any company of the SC highly depends on the performance of its processes. However, while process performance is clearly defined in the literature, performance of complex systems or systems of systems is more difficult to assess due to process interactions. The overall performance concept is usually unsatisfactory either for each company or for the whole SC. To express such performance in SC's, recent proposals have focused on the performance of the prime manufacturer. This performance being linked to the ones of the suppliers, the impact of supplier performances on the prime manufacturer performance has to be integrated. It is therefore proposed to respectively use the SCOR model for describing the involved sub-system processes and, from a computational point of view, to use the MAUT (Multi Attribute Utility Theory) MACBETH methodology to consistently compute the expected performances. More specifically, the Choquet integral is used as the aggregation operator to handle interactions between systems and processes. The case of a bearings manufacturer is used to illustrate the proposal for a supplier selection problem

A Meeting Infastructure to Support E-Commerce

This paper presents a research project that deals with designing a meeting infrastructure, as a software platform to support e-commerce’s transactions. Instead of interacting remotely and hence, relying on the network’s state, the providers and consumers that are involved in such transactions interact locally and in a safe environment. The meeting infrastructure is flexible. It could be structured in different ways, by supporting for example alliances and groups to be set up