Prevalence of caesarean section according to socioeconomic status, demographic variables, birthweight and birth order.

*<p>test for linear trend</p><p>@ test for heterogeneity</p

Distribution of sample studied at 23 years of age, according to key characteristics.

<p># Median (Interquartile range)</p

Follow-up rate in different phases of the study according to some characteristics of the cohort.

<p>Includes subjects interviewed as well as those who are known to have died;</p

Metabolic cardiovascular risk factors according to family income and maternal schooling at birth, stratified by sex.

*<p>test for linear trend</p><p>@ test for heterogeneity</p><p># geometric mean</p

Adjusted regression coefficients for metabolic cardiovascular risk factors at 23 years according to type of delivery.

#<p>Adjusted for: Family income at birth, maternal schooling at birth, household assets index in childhood, maternal skin color, birth order, maternal age, maternal prepregnancy weight, maternal height, maternal smoking during pregnancy, birthweight, and family income in early adulthood.</p

Brazilian cohort: crude and adjusted linear regression analysis to investigate the prediction of metabolic risk z-score by birth order and explore the effects of birth weight and catch up growth after 20 months – Exclusion of first-born children with status of only children.

<p>B =  regression coefficient for first-borns; ±95CI  = 95% Confidence Interval. Significant p values are shown in bold.</p><p>Brazilian Cohort: Analysis was adjusted as follows:</p><p>Model 1: Unadjusted.</p><p>Model 2: Adjusted for family income; maternal education; household wealth score; breastfeeding for at least six months; maternal smoking during pregnancy; maternal weight at the beginning of the pregnancy, maternal height, and subject smoking at 18 years.</p><p>Model 3: Adjusted for model 2+ birth weight z-score.</p><p>Model 4: Adjusted for model 3+ weight gain z-score birth to 20 months.</p><p>The calculation of the metabolic risk z-score is described in the <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0013907#s2" target="_blank">methods</a> section.</p

Baseline characteristics of study participants by birth order status in Brazilian sample.

<p>N =  number of subjects. FM =  fat mass; FFM =  fat free mass; Fat free mass index (FFMI)  = FFM (kg)/height² (m); Fat mass index (FMI)  = FM (kg)/height² (m); T-CHO =  total cholesterol; HDL =  high density lipoproteins; TRI =  triglycerides.</p><p>T-test for independent samples was used to compare the two groups. Data are mean (SD), unless otherwise indicated.</p><p>The calculation of the metabolic risk z-score is described in the <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0013907#s2" target="_blank">methods</a> section.</p

Brazilian cohort: crude and adjusted linear regression analysis to investigate the prediction of metabolic risk z-score by birth order and explore the effects of birth weight and catch up growth after 20 months.

<p>B =  regression coefficient for first-borns; ±95CI  = 95% Confidence Interval. Significant p values are shown in bold.</p><p>Brazilian Cohort: Analysis was adjusted as follows:</p><p>Model 1: Unadjusted.</p><p>Model 2: Adjusted for family income; maternal education; household wealth score; breastfeeding for at least six months; maternal smoking during pregnancy; maternal weight at the beginning of the pregnancy, maternal height, and subject smoking at 18 years.</p><p>Model 3: Adjusted for model 2+ birth weight z-score.</p><p>Model 4: Adjusted for model 3+ weight gain z-score birth to 20 months.</p><p>The calculation of the metabolic risk z-score is described in the <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0013907#s2" target="_blank">methods</a> section.</p

Crude and adjusted linear regression analysis illustrating effect of first-born status on metabolic and body composition parameters.

<p>B =  regression coefficient for first-borns; ±95CI  = 95% Confidence Interval.</p><p>Significant p values are shown in bold.</p><p>Brazilian cohort: Analysis was adjusted for family income; maternal education; household wealth score, breastfeeding for at least six months, maternal smoking during pregnancy, maternal weight at the beginning of the pregnancy, maternal height, and subject smoking at 18 years.</p><p>The calculation of the metabolic risk z-score is described in the <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0013907#s2" target="_blank">methods</a> section.</p

Crude and adjusted linear regression analysis illustrating effect of first-born status on metabolic and body composition parameters – Excluding first-born children with status of only children.

<p>B =  regression coefficient for first-borns; ±95CI  = 95% Confidence Interval.</p><p>Significant p values are shown in bold.</p><p>Brazilian cohort: Analysis was adjusted for family income; maternal education; household wealth score, maternal smoking during pregnancy, breastfeeding for at least six months, maternal weight at the beginning of the pregnancy, maternal height, and subject smoking at 18 years.</p><p>The calculation of the metabolic risk z-score is described in the <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0013907#s2" target="_blank">methods</a> section.</p