11 research outputs found
SOME ISSUES ABOUT AIR DEFENCE IN HUNGARY AFTER THE WORLD WAR I
After the World War I Hungary got into a difficult situation politically and militarily, too. The European great powers with the help of Trianon Peace Treaty hurdled and prohibited to develop a powerful and modern armed forces. The political and military leadership decided not to comply some parts of the decisions. Accordingly, the forbidden air defence artillery was organized as well. This article describes the first steps of how the Hungarian anti-aircraft artillery was supplied with cannons for air defence until 1929
A LĂGVĂDELEM ALKALMAZĂSI KĂRNYEZETE A KĂZELI ĂS A TĂVOLABBI JĂVĆBEN
Nem lehet hĂĄttĂ©rbe szorĂtani, negligĂĄlni a rövidebb, hosszabb tĂĄvĂș prognĂłzisok, elĆrevetĂtĂ©sek elkĂ©szĂtĂ©sĂ©t. MindenkĂ©ppen â a lehetĆsĂ©gekhez Ă©s kĂ©pessĂ©gekhez kĂ©pest â foglalkozni kell a vĂĄrhatĂł tendenciĂĄkkal, s az azok ĂĄltal indikĂĄlt problĂ©mĂĄkkal. HĂĄrom kiemelt kĂ©rdĂ©sre kell adekvĂĄt vĂĄlaszt talĂĄlni, hogy a vĂĄrhatĂł fejlĆdĂ©s ne hozza a lĂ©gvĂ©delemmel foglalkozĂł szakembereket, az azt megvalĂłsĂtĂł csapatokat hĂĄtrĂĄnyos helyzetbe. Ezek a proliferĂĄciĂł, a lĂ©gi hadviselĂ©si eszközök gyors fejlĆdĂ©se Ă©s a polgĂĄri eszközök ĂĄltal kivĂĄlthatĂł, egyre bĆvĂŒlĆ, lĂ©gi fenyegetĂ©s, fenyegetettsĂ©g.
Ami a tömegpusztĂtĂł, vagy tömegpusztĂtĂł hatĂĄsĂș eszközök proliferĂĄciĂłjĂĄt illeti, ez elsĆsorban nem katonai megoldĂĄst igĂ©nyel. A politikai, diplomĂĄciai Ă©s gazdasĂĄgi(!) erĆfeszĂtĂ©sek azok, melyek ha megszĂŒntetni nem is, de akadĂĄlyozni, lassĂtani tudjĂĄk ezen igen kĂĄros Ă©s veszedelmes folyamatot. Az ĂĄllami, gazdasĂĄgi döntĂ©shozĂłk figyelmĂ©t kell rĂĄirĂĄnyĂtani a problĂ©makörre, s legfeljebb ajĂĄnlĂĄsokkal rĂ©szt venni a proliferĂĄciĂł akadĂĄlyozĂĄsĂĄban.
A lĂ©gi hadviselĂ©si eszközök robbanĂĄsszerƱen gyors fejlĆdĂ©sĂ©re adott âlĂ©gvĂ©delmi vĂĄlaszâ keresĂ©se napjainkban jĂł Ășton halad. A korai felderĂtĆ, elĆrejelzĆ Ă©s riasztĂł rendszerek kiĂ©pĂtĂ©se, megfelelĆ alapot biztosĂtanak az aktĂv, hatĂ©konyon földrĆl Ă©s levegĆbĆl hatĂł lĂ©gvĂ©delmek ĂŒzemeltetĂ©sĂ©hez. Ennek jelenleg inkĂĄbb költsĂ©gvetĂ©si, mint technolĂłgiai korlĂĄtai vannak. A lokĂĄlis lĂ©gvĂ©delmi rendszerek regionĂĄlis szisztĂ©mĂĄvĂĄ valĂł bĆvĂtĂ©se Ășgy tĂ©rben, Ășgy idĆben, mint biztonsĂĄgi szint növelĂ©sĂ©ben eredmĂ©nyesek lehetnek. A megfelelĆ ĂĄllapotĂș, mennyisĂ©gƱ Ă©s minĆsĂ©gƱ kĂ©szĂŒltsĂ©gi szolgĂĄlatok, kĂ©szenlĂ©ti helyzetek elĂ©gsĂ©ges vĂ©dettsĂ©get nyĂșjthatnak, mĂ©g egy meglepetĂ©sszerƱ agressziĂłval szemben is. A nem elemenkĂ©nt, hanem szigorĂșan integrĂĄlt rendszerkĂ©nt alkalmazott lĂ©gvĂ©delem â annak minden szĂŒksĂ©ges komponensĂ©vel â megfelelĆ vĂĄlaszt tud adni az aktuĂĄlis katonai kihĂvĂĄsokra, fenyegetĂ©sekre.
Napjainkban a legnagyobb, s legnehezebben kezelhetĆ problĂ©mĂĄt a polgĂĄri repĂŒlĆgĂ©pek âcsapĂĄsmĂ©rĆâ eszközkĂ©nt törtĂ©nĆ alkalmazhatĂłsĂĄga jelenti. A terrorizmus okozta gondokra mĂ©g nincs tökĂ©letes, hatĂ©kony, minden helyzetben jĂłl mƱködĆ megoldĂĄs. A cikkben is emlĂtett kis, polgĂĄri repĂŒlĆeszközökhöz valĂł hozzĂĄjutĂĄs lehetĆsĂ©ge, azok pusztĂtĂł fegyverrĂ© valĂł ĂĄtalakĂtĂĄsa sajnos tĂșl egyszerƱ, s relatĂve egyĂĄltalĂĄn nem költsĂ©gigĂ©nyes. A magĂĄn repĂŒlĂ©sek drasztikus korlĂĄtozĂĄsa, ad abszurdum teljes betiltĂĄsa Ă©ppen Ășgy nem jĂĄrhatĂł Ășt, mint a veszĂ©lyeztetett objektumok, cĂ©lpontok folyamatos, közvetlen lĂ©gvĂ©delmĂ©nek kiĂ©pĂtĂ©se. Az elsĆ megoldĂĄs szinte megoldhatatlan jogi problĂ©mĂĄkat hozna, mĂ©g a mĂĄsodik megoldĂĄs elviselhetetlen anyagi terhekkel jĂĄrna. Ezen a terĂŒleten jelenleg a lĂ©gvĂ©delem âvesztĂ©sreâ ĂĄll. A rendelkezĂ©sre ĂĄllĂł katonai eszközök, lehetĆsĂ©gek, elsĆsorban az igen szƱk reakciĂł idĆ okozta problĂ©mĂĄk miatt nem adnak, nem adhatnak megnyugtatĂł megoldĂĄst. UgyanĂșgy, mint a proliferĂĄciĂł okozta veszĂ©lyeknĂ©l, itt is egyfajta ĂĄllami beavatkozĂĄs, szabĂĄlyozĂĄs szĂŒksĂ©ges, kiegĂ©szĂtve szigorĂșan szabĂĄlyozott katonai közremƱködĂ©ssel, vĂ©gsĆ lĂ©pĂ©skĂ©nt a gyanĂșs, vagy bizonyĂtatĂłan ellensĂ©ges lĂ©gi cĂ©lok minĂ©l hamarabbi megsemmisĂtĂ©sĂ©vel. KĂ©tsĂ©gtelen, hogy szeptember 11-e sok mindent ĂĄtĂrt, a âpolgĂĄriâ repĂŒlĆeszközök elleni lehetsĂ©ges tevĂ©kenysĂ©gek vonatkozĂĄsĂĄban.
ĂsszessĂ©gĂ©ben a lĂ©gvĂ©delem, mint vĂ©delmi tevĂ©kenysĂ©g, Ăłhatatlanul mindig lĂ©pĂ©shĂĄtrĂĄnyban van a levegĆbĆl törtĂ©nĆ fenyegetĂ©ssel szemben, de igyekeznĂŒnk kell, hogy ez hĂĄtrĂĄny minĂ©l kisebb legyen
THE HUNGARIAN OBSERVER AND REPORTING SERVICE BEFORE THE WORLD WAR II (1938-39)
The authors present a very important period of the Hungarian
Observer and Reporting Service (1938-1939) in his article. In
1938, the so far dysfunctional service came to a significant
period of its history. By the financial source made available,
the stocking up, equipping and operating of the systems could
finally begin. The actual creation of the observer and reporting
service had a fundamental effect on the functionality of air
force and air defence artillery and on the effectiveness of
their application. The article demonstrates that the military
leadership was able and ready to use the service and they made
it an integral part of the Hungarian Military
AIR DEFENCE ARTILLERY IN THE HUNGARIAN ARMY AFTER THE WORLD WAR I
After the Great War Hungary got into a dificult situation both politically and
militarily. The Trianon Peace Treaty hurdled and prohibited to develop a
powerful and modern army. The political and military leadership decided not to
comply some parts of the decisions. Accordingly, the forbidden air defense
artillery was organized as well. This article describes the first steps of how the
Hungarian anti-aircraft artillery was supplied with cannons, until 1929
THE MAIN ISSUES OF AIR DEFENCE BETWEEN THE TWO WORLD WARS
The authors present the main issues of air defence between the two World Wars. They give a general overview of air components of the Italian â Abyssinian, the Japanese â Chinese and the Spanish civil war as well. This article demonstrates the major experience of the application of air forces especially anti-aircraft artilleries, fighter activities, monitoring and reporting services and civilian air defences
THE BEGINNING OF RADARS IN HUNGARY
The article reviews of the beginning of radars in Hungary. It gives a general picture of the time between the two World Wars in Hungary, what happened in the country related to this topic. After that the authors analysed the development process of building of radar capabilities in Hungary for WWII including the domestic development and imported systems
THE YUGOSLAVIAN/SOUTHERN SLAVONIC AIR FORCE UNTIL 1930
In this article the authors will describe the first 18 years of
Yugoslavian Air
Force, primarily relying on the Hungarian military sources. Our
southern
neighbour made respectable and successful efforts to create and
maintain a
powerful air force in the third decade of the XXth century, and
to build up the
military-industrial capabilities serving it. By 1930, they
already had an air force
which could serve the needs of their army
LĂ©gvĂ©delmi tĂŒzĂ©rsĂ©g : (fejlĆdĂ©störtĂ©net)
A hadviselĂ©s harmadik dimenziĂłba törtĂ©nĆ kiterjesztĂ©se nehĂ©z feladatok megoldĂĄsĂĄra kĂ©nyszerĂtette a politikai Ă©s katonai vezetĂ©seket. KevĂ©s volt egy modern lĂ©gierĆ megteremtĂ©se, mely egyĂ©bkĂ©nt meglehetĆsen nagy idĆ â technolĂłgia â erĆforrĂĄs â Ășj tĂpusĂș hadi kultĂșra igĂ©nnyel bĂrt, ez mĂ©g csak rĂ©szben szavatolhatta az adott orszĂĄg biztonsĂĄgĂĄt. Nem lehetett elkerĂŒlni a földrĆl hatĂł lĂ©gvĂ©delem kiĂ©pĂtĂ©sĂ©t sem. Az illĂșziĂł, hogy lĂ©gierĆvel mindent el lehet intĂ©zni, hamar eltƱnt. MĂ©g a âporrĂĄâ bombĂĄzott orszĂĄgok erkölcsi tartĂĄsĂĄt sem lehetett pusztĂĄn levegĆbĆl folytatott tevĂ©kenysĂ©ggel megtörni. Ellenben a tapasztalatok megmutattĂĄk, hogy egy racionĂĄlisan megtervezett, felĂ©pĂtett, mƱködtetett lĂ©gvĂ©delem (Ă©s lĂ©goltalom) nagy kĂĄrokat kĂ©pes megelĆzni, de legalĂĄbbis csökkenteni. A magyar politikai Ă©s katonai vezetĂ©s, a lehetĆsĂ©geihez mĂ©rten, ezen a terĂŒleten a vizsgĂĄlt idĆszakban helyesen gondolkodott Ă©s cselekedett. A bĂ©ke diktĂĄtum szorĂtĂĄsa ellenĂ©re, az ĂĄllandĂł szövetsĂ©ges ellenĆrzĂ©sek közepette is, megterveztĂ©k, s megalapoztĂĄk a leendĆ magyar lĂ©gvĂ©delmet. A hĂșszas Ă©vekben vĂ©gzett tevĂ©kenysĂ©g eredmĂ©nyesnek tekinthetĆ, a harmincas Ă©vekben pedig nagyon komoly eredmĂ©nyeket tudtak felmutatni. Ărdemes kiemelni, hogy a katonai vezetĆk rendszerben gondolkodtak, s nem csak egy-egy szegmensben. Igyekeztek a kornak, az orszĂĄg anyagi Ă©s beszerzĂ©si, illetve termelĂ©si kĂ©pessĂ©geinek megfelelĆ eszközrendszert birtokolni, mindig modern fegyverzetben gondolkodva. A beszerzĂ©s Ă©s a sajĂĄt gyĂĄrtĂĄs kĂ©rdĂ©sĂ©ben lehetĆsĂ©g szerint mindig a hazai gyĂĄrtĂĄst rĂ©szesĂtettĂ©k elĆnybe, termĂ©szetesen nem a modernsĂ©g rovĂĄsĂĄra. MagyarorszĂĄg az adott idĆszakban nem csak mĂĄsoktĂłl tanult, vett ĂĄt tapasztalatokat, de több terĂŒleten maga is követĂ©sre mĂ©ltĂł pĂ©ldĂĄt tudott adni
OVERVIEW OF AN SUPPORTED SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH BY HUNGARIAN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH FUND : EVOLUTION OF THEORY AND PRACTICE OF UNIVERSAL AND HUNGARIAN AERIAL WARFARE
In 2011 the authors got support from the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund to make some researches related to evolution of theory and practice of universal and Hungarian aerial warfare. This article gives overview about research plan, aims and planned methods as well as probable results
OktatĂĄs Ă©s politika. KĆbĂĄnyai kutatĂĄs a hatalom Ășj formĂĄirĂłl: helyi politika, iskolĂĄba ''rendezett'' gyerekek Ă©s nyilvĂĄnossĂĄg. = Education and Politics. Study on the new forms of power in the 10th District of Budapest: local government, the ''classified'' child and the public sphere.
A kutatĂĄs sorĂĄn - feldolgozva a vonatkozĂł szakirodalmat Ă©s a korĂĄbbi hazai kutatĂĄsokat e tĂĄrgyban - egy budapesti kerĂŒlet empirikus (kĂ©rdĆĂv, mĂ©lyinterjĂș, megfigyelĂ©s) oktatĂĄsszociolĂłgiai vizsgĂĄlatĂĄt vĂ©geztĂŒk el. A legfontosabb cĂ©lunk az volt, hogy megmutassuk: az oktatĂĄspolitika valami egĂ©szen mĂĄst jelent a mai MagyarorszĂĄgon, mint amire ĂĄltalĂĄban gondolni szoktak - laikusok, kutatĂłk Ă©s döntĂ©shozĂłk egyarĂĄnt. A ''döntĂ©seket'' a decentralizĂĄlt magyar rendszerben kevĂ©sbĂ© az ĂĄllami döntĂ©shozĂłk, mint inkĂĄbb (1) az iskolapiac (szĂŒlĆi döntĂ©sek), (2) helyi döntĂ©shozĂłk (az önkormĂĄnyzatok mint iskolafenntartĂłk), (3) ''utcaszintƱ bĂŒrokratĂĄk'' (street level bureaucrats), vagyis maguk az oktatĂĄsi intĂ©zmĂ©nyek Ă©s pedagĂłgusok, (4) az Ășn. iskolatudomĂĄnyok kĂ©pviselĆi (pszicholĂłgusok, gyĂłgypedagĂłgusok, logopĂ©dusok -- nevelĂ©si tanĂĄcsadĂłk) hozzĂĄk. A nemzetközi tendenciĂĄnak megfelelĆen maga az ĂĄllam is Ășjfajta mĂłdon igyekszik (mĂĄr amennyire tud) rĂ©szt venni az oktatĂĄsirĂĄnyĂtĂĄsban: ezt nevezik poszt-bĂŒrokratikus irĂĄnyĂtĂĄsnak (pĂĄlyĂĄzatok, anyagi ösztönzĂ©s, mĂ©rĂ©s-Ă©rtĂ©kelĂ©s, jĂł gyakorlatok terjesztĂ©se stb.). Az egyenlĆtlensĂ©gek Ă©s a szegregĂĄciĂł kĂ©rdĂ©sĂ©t is a politika ezen Ășj mƱködĂ©smĂłdjainak Ă©s helyszĂneinek figyelembevĂ©telĂ©vel kell Ășjrafogalmazni. Hiszen nĂ©mi tĂșlzĂĄssal - a magyar oktatĂĄsi rendszer mint olyan voltakĂ©ppen nem is lĂ©tezik. | In our research, linked to the field of educational sociology, we conducted an empirical study in a Budapest district, using survey methods, interviews and participant observation (which was preceded by the review of the literature and previous researches in the field). Our main goal was to show that school policy in the present Hungarian context differs in a surprising way from what we and others (laymen, researchers, decision makers) have thought so far. Decision-making in this decentralised system does not, or only partially belong to State actors; rather, decisions are made, processes are influenced by the (1) school market (the parents'choice), (2) local authorities (as the financial & administrative supervisors of schools), (3) street level bureaucrats (the schools and teachers themselves), (4) representatives of the ''school-sciences'' (psychologists, special and remedial education specialists, speech therapists). Following international tendencies, the State itself strives to conduct a new kind of educational policy (if any), characterised by 'post-bureacratic regulation' (financial incentives, evaluation, calls, diffusion of good practices, etc.) Therefore, the question of educational inequalities & segregation has to be raised in a new way as well, by taking into consideration these new locations and new mechanisms of politics. And even more so, that the Hungarian educational system as such, as a unitary object of research, shall we dare to say, does not even exist