11 research outputs found

    SOME ISSUES ABOUT AIR DEFENCE IN HUNGARY AFTER THE WORLD WAR I

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    After the World War I Hungary got into a difficult situation politically and militarily, too. The European great powers with the help of Trianon Peace Treaty hurdled and prohibited to develop a powerful and modern armed forces. The political and military leadership decided not to comply some parts of the decisions. Accordingly, the forbidden air defence artillery was organized as well. This article describes the first steps of how the Hungarian anti-aircraft artillery was supplied with cannons for air defence until 1929

    A LÉGVÉDELEM ALKALMAZÁSI KÖRNYEZETE A KÖZELI ÉS A TÁVOLABBI JÖVƐBEN

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    Nem lehet hĂĄttĂ©rbe szorĂ­tani, negligĂĄlni a rövidebb, hosszabb tĂĄvĂș prognĂłzisok, elƑrevetĂ­tĂ©sek elkĂ©szĂ­tĂ©sĂ©t. MindenkĂ©ppen – a lehetƑsĂ©gekhez Ă©s kĂ©pessĂ©gekhez kĂ©pest – foglalkozni kell a vĂĄrhatĂł tendenciĂĄkkal, s az azok ĂĄltal indikĂĄlt problĂ©mĂĄkkal. HĂĄrom kiemelt kĂ©rdĂ©sre kell adekvĂĄt vĂĄlaszt talĂĄlni, hogy a vĂĄrhatĂł fejlƑdĂ©s ne hozza a lĂ©gvĂ©delemmel foglalkozĂł szakembereket, az azt megvalĂłsĂ­tĂł csapatokat hĂĄtrĂĄnyos helyzetbe. Ezek a proliferĂĄciĂł, a lĂ©gi hadviselĂ©si eszközök gyors fejlƑdĂ©se Ă©s a polgĂĄri eszközök ĂĄltal kivĂĄlthatĂł, egyre bƑvĂŒlƑ, lĂ©gi fenyegetĂ©s, fenyegetettsĂ©g. Ami a tömegpusztĂ­tĂł, vagy tömegpusztĂ­tĂł hatĂĄsĂș eszközök proliferĂĄciĂłjĂĄt illeti, ez elsƑsorban nem katonai megoldĂĄst igĂ©nyel. A politikai, diplomĂĄciai Ă©s gazdasĂĄgi(!) erƑfeszĂ­tĂ©sek azok, melyek ha megszĂŒntetni nem is, de akadĂĄlyozni, lassĂ­tani tudjĂĄk ezen igen kĂĄros Ă©s veszedelmes folyamatot. Az ĂĄllami, gazdasĂĄgi döntĂ©shozĂłk figyelmĂ©t kell rĂĄirĂĄnyĂ­tani a problĂ©makörre, s legfeljebb ajĂĄnlĂĄsokkal rĂ©szt venni a proliferĂĄciĂł akadĂĄlyozĂĄsĂĄban. A lĂ©gi hadviselĂ©si eszközök robbanĂĄsszerƱen gyors fejlƑdĂ©sĂ©re adott „lĂ©gvĂ©delmi vĂĄlasz” keresĂ©se napjainkban jĂł Ășton halad. A korai felderĂ­tƑ, elƑrejelzƑ Ă©s riasztĂł rendszerek kiĂ©pĂ­tĂ©se, megfelelƑ alapot biztosĂ­tanak az aktĂ­v, hatĂ©konyon földrƑl Ă©s levegƑbƑl hatĂł lĂ©gvĂ©delmek ĂŒzemeltetĂ©sĂ©hez. Ennek jelenleg inkĂĄbb költsĂ©gvetĂ©si, mint technolĂłgiai korlĂĄtai vannak. A lokĂĄlis lĂ©gvĂ©delmi rendszerek regionĂĄlis szisztĂ©mĂĄvĂĄ valĂł bƑvĂ­tĂ©se Ășgy tĂ©rben, Ășgy idƑben, mint biztonsĂĄgi szint növelĂ©sĂ©ben eredmĂ©nyesek lehetnek. A megfelelƑ ĂĄllapotĂș, mennyisĂ©gƱ Ă©s minƑsĂ©gƱ kĂ©szĂŒltsĂ©gi szolgĂĄlatok, kĂ©szenlĂ©ti helyzetek elĂ©gsĂ©ges vĂ©dettsĂ©get nyĂșjthatnak, mĂ©g egy meglepetĂ©sszerƱ agressziĂłval szemben is. A nem elemenkĂ©nt, hanem szigorĂșan integrĂĄlt rendszerkĂ©nt alkalmazott lĂ©gvĂ©delem – annak minden szĂŒksĂ©ges komponensĂ©vel – megfelelƑ vĂĄlaszt tud adni az aktuĂĄlis katonai kihĂ­vĂĄsokra, fenyegetĂ©sekre. Napjainkban a legnagyobb, s legnehezebben kezelhetƑ problĂ©mĂĄt a polgĂĄri repĂŒlƑgĂ©pek „csapĂĄsmĂ©rƑ” eszközkĂ©nt törtĂ©nƑ alkalmazhatĂłsĂĄga jelenti. A terrorizmus okozta gondokra mĂ©g nincs tökĂ©letes, hatĂ©kony, minden helyzetben jĂłl mƱködƑ megoldĂĄs. A cikkben is emlĂ­tett kis, polgĂĄri repĂŒlƑeszközökhöz valĂł hozzĂĄjutĂĄs lehetƑsĂ©ge, azok pusztĂ­tĂł fegyverrĂ© valĂł ĂĄtalakĂ­tĂĄsa sajnos tĂșl egyszerƱ, s relatĂ­ve egyĂĄltalĂĄn nem költsĂ©gigĂ©nyes. A magĂĄn repĂŒlĂ©sek drasztikus korlĂĄtozĂĄsa, ad abszurdum teljes betiltĂĄsa Ă©ppen Ășgy nem jĂĄrhatĂł Ășt, mint a veszĂ©lyeztetett objektumok, cĂ©lpontok folyamatos, közvetlen lĂ©gvĂ©delmĂ©nek kiĂ©pĂ­tĂ©se. Az elsƑ megoldĂĄs szinte megoldhatatlan jogi problĂ©mĂĄkat hozna, mĂ©g a mĂĄsodik megoldĂĄs elviselhetetlen anyagi terhekkel jĂĄrna. Ezen a terĂŒleten jelenleg a lĂ©gvĂ©delem „vesztĂ©sre” ĂĄll. A rendelkezĂ©sre ĂĄllĂł katonai eszközök, lehetƑsĂ©gek, elsƑsorban az igen szƱk reakciĂł idƑ okozta problĂ©mĂĄk miatt nem adnak, nem adhatnak megnyugtatĂł megoldĂĄst. UgyanĂșgy, mint a proliferĂĄciĂł okozta veszĂ©lyeknĂ©l, itt is egyfajta ĂĄllami beavatkozĂĄs, szabĂĄlyozĂĄs szĂŒksĂ©ges, kiegĂ©szĂ­tve szigorĂșan szabĂĄlyozott katonai közremƱködĂ©ssel, vĂ©gsƑ lĂ©pĂ©skĂ©nt a gyanĂșs, vagy bizonyĂ­tatĂłan ellensĂ©ges lĂ©gi cĂ©lok minĂ©l hamarabbi megsemmisĂ­tĂ©sĂ©vel. KĂ©tsĂ©gtelen, hogy szeptember 11-e sok mindent ĂĄtĂ­rt, a „polgĂĄri” repĂŒlƑeszközök elleni lehetsĂ©ges tevĂ©kenysĂ©gek vonatkozĂĄsĂĄban. ÖsszessĂ©gĂ©ben a lĂ©gvĂ©delem, mint vĂ©delmi tevĂ©kenysĂ©g, Ăłhatatlanul mindig lĂ©pĂ©shĂĄtrĂĄnyban van a levegƑbƑl törtĂ©nƑ fenyegetĂ©ssel szemben, de igyekeznĂŒnk kell, hogy ez hĂĄtrĂĄny minĂ©l kisebb legyen

    THE HUNGARIAN OBSERVER AND REPORTING SERVICE BEFORE THE WORLD WAR II (1938-39)

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    The authors present a very important period of the Hungarian Observer and Reporting Service (1938-1939) in his article. In 1938, the so far dysfunctional service came to a significant period of its history. By the financial source made available, the stocking up, equipping and operating of the systems could finally begin. The actual creation of the observer and reporting service had a fundamental effect on the functionality of air force and air defence artillery and on the effectiveness of their application. The article demonstrates that the military leadership was able and ready to use the service and they made it an integral part of the Hungarian Military

    AIR DEFENCE ARTILLERY IN THE HUNGARIAN ARMY AFTER THE WORLD WAR I

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    After the Great War Hungary got into a dificult situation both politically and militarily. The Trianon Peace Treaty hurdled and prohibited to develop a powerful and modern army. The political and military leadership decided not to comply some parts of the decisions. Accordingly, the forbidden air defense artillery was organized as well. This article describes the first steps of how the Hungarian anti-aircraft artillery was supplied with cannons, until 1929

    THE MAIN ISSUES OF AIR DEFENCE BETWEEN THE TWO WORLD WARS

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    The authors present the main issues of air defence between the two World Wars. They give a general overview of air components of the Italian – Abyssinian, the Japanese – Chinese and the Spanish civil war as well. This article demonstrates the major experience of the application of air forces especially anti-aircraft artilleries, fighter activities, monitoring and reporting services and civilian air defences

    THE BEGINNING OF RADARS IN HUNGARY

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    The article reviews of the beginning of radars in Hungary. It gives a general picture of the time between the two World Wars in Hungary, what happened in the country related to this topic. After that the authors analysed the development process of building of radar capabilities in Hungary for WWII including the domestic development and imported systems

    THE YUGOSLAVIAN/SOUTHERN SLAVONIC AIR FORCE UNTIL 1930

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    In this article the authors will describe the first 18 years of Yugoslavian Air Force, primarily relying on the Hungarian military sources. Our southern neighbour made respectable and successful efforts to create and maintain a powerful air force in the third decade of the XXth century, and to build up the military-industrial capabilities serving it. By 1930, they already had an air force which could serve the needs of their army

    LĂ©gvĂ©delmi tĂŒzĂ©rsĂ©g : (fejlƑdĂ©störtĂ©net)

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    A hadviselĂ©s harmadik dimenziĂłba törtĂ©nƑ kiterjesztĂ©se nehĂ©z feladatok megoldĂĄsĂĄra kĂ©nyszerĂ­tette a politikai Ă©s katonai vezetĂ©seket. KevĂ©s volt egy modern lĂ©gierƑ megteremtĂ©se, mely egyĂ©bkĂ©nt meglehetƑsen nagy idƑ – technolĂłgia – erƑforrĂĄs – Ășj tĂ­pusĂș hadi kultĂșra igĂ©nnyel bĂ­rt, ez mĂ©g csak rĂ©szben szavatolhatta az adott orszĂĄg biztonsĂĄgĂĄt. Nem lehetett elkerĂŒlni a földrƑl hatĂł lĂ©gvĂ©delem kiĂ©pĂ­tĂ©sĂ©t sem. Az illĂșziĂł, hogy lĂ©gierƑvel mindent el lehet intĂ©zni, hamar eltƱnt. MĂ©g a ”porrá” bombĂĄzott orszĂĄgok erkölcsi tartĂĄsĂĄt sem lehetett pusztĂĄn levegƑbƑl folytatott tevĂ©kenysĂ©ggel megtörni. Ellenben a tapasztalatok megmutattĂĄk, hogy egy racionĂĄlisan megtervezett, felĂ©pĂ­tett, mƱködtetett lĂ©gvĂ©delem (Ă©s lĂ©goltalom) nagy kĂĄrokat kĂ©pes megelƑzni, de legalĂĄbbis csökkenteni. A magyar politikai Ă©s katonai vezetĂ©s, a lehetƑsĂ©geihez mĂ©rten, ezen a terĂŒleten a vizsgĂĄlt idƑszakban helyesen gondolkodott Ă©s cselekedett. A bĂ©ke diktĂĄtum szorĂ­tĂĄsa ellenĂ©re, az ĂĄllandĂł szövetsĂ©ges ellenƑrzĂ©sek közepette is, megterveztĂ©k, s megalapoztĂĄk a leendƑ magyar lĂ©gvĂ©delmet. A hĂșszas Ă©vekben vĂ©gzett tevĂ©kenysĂ©g eredmĂ©nyesnek tekinthetƑ, a harmincas Ă©vekben pedig nagyon komoly eredmĂ©nyeket tudtak felmutatni. Érdemes kiemelni, hogy a katonai vezetƑk rendszerben gondolkodtak, s nem csak egy-egy szegmensben. Igyekeztek a kornak, az orszĂĄg anyagi Ă©s beszerzĂ©si, illetve termelĂ©si kĂ©pessĂ©geinek megfelelƑ eszközrendszert birtokolni, mindig modern fegyverzetben gondolkodva. A beszerzĂ©s Ă©s a sajĂĄt gyĂĄrtĂĄs kĂ©rdĂ©sĂ©ben lehetƑsĂ©g szerint mindig a hazai gyĂĄrtĂĄst rĂ©szesĂ­tettĂ©k elƑnybe, termĂ©szetesen nem a modernsĂ©g rovĂĄsĂĄra. MagyarorszĂĄg az adott idƑszakban nem csak mĂĄsoktĂłl tanult, vett ĂĄt tapasztalatokat, de több terĂŒleten maga is követĂ©sre mĂ©ltĂł pĂ©ldĂĄt tudott adni

    OVERVIEW OF AN SUPPORTED SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH BY HUNGARIAN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH FUND : EVOLUTION OF THEORY AND PRACTICE OF UNIVERSAL AND HUNGARIAN AERIAL WARFARE

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    In 2011 the authors got support from the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund to make some researches related to evolution of theory and practice of universal and Hungarian aerial warfare. This article gives overview about research plan, aims and planned methods as well as probable results

    OktatĂĄs Ă©s politika. KƑbĂĄnyai kutatĂĄs a hatalom Ășj formĂĄirĂłl: helyi politika, iskolĂĄba ''rendezett'' gyerekek Ă©s nyilvĂĄnossĂĄg. = Education and Politics. Study on the new forms of power in the 10th District of Budapest: local government, the ''classified'' child and the public sphere.

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    A kutatĂĄs sorĂĄn - feldolgozva a vonatkozĂł szakirodalmat Ă©s a korĂĄbbi hazai kutatĂĄsokat e tĂĄrgyban - egy budapesti kerĂŒlet empirikus (kĂ©rdƑív, mĂ©lyinterjĂș, megfigyelĂ©s) oktatĂĄsszociolĂłgiai vizsgĂĄlatĂĄt vĂ©geztĂŒk el. A legfontosabb cĂ©lunk az volt, hogy megmutassuk: az oktatĂĄspolitika valami egĂ©szen mĂĄst jelent a mai MagyarorszĂĄgon, mint amire ĂĄltalĂĄban gondolni szoktak - laikusok, kutatĂłk Ă©s döntĂ©shozĂłk egyarĂĄnt. A ''döntĂ©seket'' a decentralizĂĄlt magyar rendszerben kevĂ©sbĂ© az ĂĄllami döntĂ©shozĂłk, mint inkĂĄbb (1) az iskolapiac (szĂŒlƑi döntĂ©sek), (2) helyi döntĂ©shozĂłk (az önkormĂĄnyzatok mint iskolafenntartĂłk), (3) ''utcaszintƱ bĂŒrokratĂĄk'' (street level bureaucrats), vagyis maguk az oktatĂĄsi intĂ©zmĂ©nyek Ă©s pedagĂłgusok, (4) az Ășn. iskolatudomĂĄnyok kĂ©pviselƑi (pszicholĂłgusok, gyĂłgypedagĂłgusok, logopĂ©dusok -- nevelĂ©si tanĂĄcsadĂłk) hozzĂĄk. A nemzetközi tendenciĂĄnak megfelelƑen maga az ĂĄllam is Ășjfajta mĂłdon igyekszik (mĂĄr amennyire tud) rĂ©szt venni az oktatĂĄsirĂĄnyĂ­tĂĄsban: ezt nevezik poszt-bĂŒrokratikus irĂĄnyĂ­tĂĄsnak (pĂĄlyĂĄzatok, anyagi ösztönzĂ©s, mĂ©rĂ©s-Ă©rtĂ©kelĂ©s, jĂł gyakorlatok terjesztĂ©se stb.). Az egyenlƑtlensĂ©gek Ă©s a szegregĂĄciĂł kĂ©rdĂ©sĂ©t is a politika ezen Ășj mƱködĂ©smĂłdjainak Ă©s helyszĂ­neinek figyelembevĂ©telĂ©vel kell Ășjrafogalmazni. Hiszen nĂ©mi tĂșlzĂĄssal - a magyar oktatĂĄsi rendszer mint olyan voltakĂ©ppen nem is lĂ©tezik. | In our research, linked to the field of educational sociology, we conducted an empirical study in a Budapest district, using survey methods, interviews and participant observation (which was preceded by the review of the literature and previous researches in the field). Our main goal was to show that school policy in the present Hungarian context differs in a surprising way from what we and others (laymen, researchers, decision makers) have thought so far. Decision-making in this decentralised system does not, or only partially belong to State actors; rather, decisions are made, processes are influenced by the (1) school market (the parents'choice), (2) local authorities (as the financial & administrative supervisors of schools), (3) street level bureaucrats (the schools and teachers themselves), (4) representatives of the ''school-sciences'' (psychologists, special and remedial education specialists, speech therapists). Following international tendencies, the State itself strives to conduct a new kind of educational policy (if any), characterised by 'post-bureacratic regulation' (financial incentives, evaluation, calls, diffusion of good practices, etc.) Therefore, the question of educational inequalities & segregation has to be raised in a new way as well, by taking into consideration these new locations and new mechanisms of politics. And even more so, that the Hungarian educational system as such, as a unitary object of research, shall we dare to say, does not even exist
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