Contribution to suitability investigation of the raw milk from collection centers of the Zagrebačka mljekara "Dukat" destined to milk products production

Istražena je higijenska ispravnost i ispravnost sastava sirovog mlijeka, kao sirovine za finalne proizvode, sa četiri otkupne linije zagrebačke mljekare "Dukat". Pretraženo je ukupno 78 uzoraka sirovog mlijeka na deset (10) značajnijih pokazatelja kakvoće mlijeka.Samples of raw milk, obtained from four milk collecting stations of the Dukat Products Manufacturers - Zagreb, have been investigated with regard to their hygienic quality and composition. In 78 raw milk samples ten relevant parameters indicating the quality of milk have been analyzed (Table 1)

The bacteriological quality and somatic cells quantity into the milk of the sheep herd kept in surroundings of Poreč during one lactations period

Autori su pratili bakteriološku kakvoću i količinu somatskih stanica u mlijeku 10 ovaca iz stada križanih domaćih i sardinijskih ovaca u F1 generaciji što se na ekstenzivan način drže u okolici Poreča. U toku pet mjeseci (od ožujka do srpnja), tj. od početka pa do kraja laktacije ustanovili su prekomjeran broj (›3.000.000/ml) aerobnih mezofilnih bakterija u 86% uzoraka mlijeka, sulfitreduktivne bakterije u 33% uzoraka, vrste roda PROTEUS u 31%, vrstu ESCHERICHIA COLI u 23% i koagulaza-pozitivne stafilokoke u 6% uzoraka, dok salmonele nisu utvrđene nijednom. Povećan broj stanica u odnosu na mjerila koja vrijede za kravlje mlijeko (manje od 500.000/ml) nađen je u 8 uzoraka mlijeka koje je potjecalo od 6 ovaca.Study of bacteriological quality and number somatic cells was carried out in ewe\u27s milk. During lactation period it was found more than 3.000.000/ml aerobic mesophilic bacteria in 86% samples, 33% samples contained sulphitreducing bacteria in 0,01 ml, 31% Proteus kinds in 0,001 ml, 23% Escherichia coli in 0,001 ml and 6% samples coagulasa positive staphilococci in 0,01 ml. More than 500.000/ml somatic cells contained 8 samples milk from 6 ewes

Utjecaj stresa uzrokovanog hromošću, boli i upalom na zdravlje i rasplođivanje bikova holštajnsko-frizijske pasmine.

In this study, a group of 11 Holstein-Friesian bulls used for semen production has been monitored. Due to inadequate living space, some of bulls (experimental group, n = 5) with higher body measures developed ulcera and blisters on claws and distal extremities. At the beginning of the trial these animals were treated by surgical removal of ulcera, claw correction and supportive therapy. The other bulls (control group, n = 6) only had claw correction. All 11 bulls were monitored daily for next 90 days following surgery. Blood samples were collected weekly for haemogram and clinical biochemistry. After short interval of recovery, bulls were returned in semen collection and spermiograms were performed regularly. According to laboratory data, bulls after surgery and during supportive therapy (n = 5) had shown changes specific for reversible renal damage and endotoxaemia (altered total proteins, creatinin, urea, lymphopenia) for more than 30 days, although they appeared clinically healthy. All bulls that were cured for ulcera and blisters, were returned back to semen collection and gave ejaculat of acceptable quality. There was no noticeable difference in spermiograms of two investigated groups of bulls.U radu je razmatran utjecaj stresa, upale i boli uzrokovanih hromošću na zdravlje i rasplođivanje bikova holštajnsko-frizijske pasmine. U prvu, pokusnu skupinu (n = 5) spadali su bikovi koji su imali patološke promjene na nogama dok su drugu skupinu sačinjavali zdravi bikovi (n = 6) na kojima smo samo proveli rutinsku kontrolu i korekciju papaka. Na početku istraživanja provedena je kirurška korekcija i liječenje papaka zajedno s rutinskom kontrolom. Potom su sve životinje u istraživanju dnevno praćene tijekom 90 dana. Jednom tjedno uzimani su im uzorci krvi za određivanje hemograma i biokemijskih profila te su određivane razine kortizola i testosterona. Bikovi su sukladno procesu oporavka vraćani u postupak uzimanja ejakulata pri čemu im je određivan spermiogram. Klinički i laboratorijski nalazi očitovali su razlike između skupina bikova i ukazali su na pojavu blage endotoksemije u pokusnoj skupini (limfopenija, poremećene vrijednosti ukupnih proteina, povišen kreatinin i urea u krvi). Na osnovi naših rezultata razvidno je da i naoko zdrave životinje, očuvanog libida i optimalne plodnosti mogu zbog promjena na papcima dugo biti u blagoj endotoksemiji što bi se dugoročno moglo odraziti na njihovo zdravlje, dugovječnost i upotrebu u rasplodu

Izmjere zdravih i patološki promijenjenih papaka, njihov međusobni odnos i odnos s tjelesnom masom u rasplodnih bikova simentalske pasmine.

The aim of this paper was to determine the standard measures of the hoof (claw): length, height, heel height and hoof surface in breeding bulls as indicators for the correction of hooves. The paper deals with the healthy and pathologically altered hooves of 11 Simmental bulls, owned by the Centre for Reproduction in Livestock of Croatia, Križevci. After measuring these dimensions, their mean values were calculated, and a statistically significant difference was determined between values within each group of parameters and a certain correlation between the mean values and weight of each bull. The average length of the front limb hooves in the bulls studied was 9.39 cm, and the average length of the hind limb hooves was 9.92 cm. The average height of the front limb hooves was 8.65 cm and average height of the hind limb hooves was 8.63 cm. The average height of the front limb hoof heel of the bulls studied was 5.93 cm, and the average height of the hind limb hoof heel was 5.09 cm. The average surface of the front limb hooves was 122.46 cm² and the hind limb hooves 102.49 cm². The degree of correlation between the hoof length and body mass in front limb hooves was fourfold higher than the one in hind limb hooves. The trimming of the front limb hooves was rendered difficult by the live animals’ restlessness and the fact that they lean on one front limb hoof which is overburdened by the front part of the body during trimming and the horn of the front limb hooves was much firmer than of the hind limb hooves. A negative correlation between the obtained measurements of the heel height in front and hind limbhooves and body mass indicates that the increase in body mass overburdens the legs, and therefore their heel parts. The average surface area of the front limb hooves was 20 percent larger than the surface area of hind limb hooves. A significant and a very high correlation existed for the total area of hooves in relation to body mass of breeding bulls, and this correlation was more pronounced in the hoof surface of the front limb and body weight than the surface of the hind limb hooves and body weight. Hoof area increased with increasing body weight and the degree of correlation was more pronounced in the front limbs than in the hind limbs. This is, most probably, related to the fact that the front limb hooves suffer greater physiological load. The correlation of the total surface area of all limb hooves and body mass was also high.Cilj rada bio je odrediti standardne mjere dužine nokta (papka), visine papka, visine pete papka te površine papka u rasplodnih bikova kao pokazatelje prilikom korekcije papaka. U radu su obrađeni zdravi i patološki promijenjeni papci 11 bikova simentalske pasmine u vlasništvu Centra za reprodukciju u stočarstvu Hrvatske, Križevci. Nakon izmjere navedenih dimenzija izračunate su njihove srednje vrijednosti, utvrđena je statistička značajnost razlika vrijednosti unutar skupine svakog pojedinog pokazatelja te je određena korelacija srednje vrijednosti određenog pokazatelja i tjelesne mase svakoga pojedinog bika. Prosječna dužina nokta prednjih nogu istraživane pasmine rasplodnih bikova bila je 9,39 cm, a prosječna dužina nokta stražnjih nogu 9,92 cm. Prosječna visina papka prednjih nogu rasplodnih bikova iznosila je 8,65 cm, a prosječna visina papka stražnjih nogu 8,63 cm. Prosječna visina pete prednjih nogu rasplodnih bikova iznosila je 5,93 cm, a prosječna visina papka stražnjih nogu 5,09 cm. Prosječna vrijednost površine papka na prednjim nogama bila je 122,46 cm2, a na stražnjim 102,49 cm2. Stupanj korelacije između dužine papka i tjelesne mase prednjih nogu četiri je puta veći nego na stražnjim nogama. Korekcija papaka prednjih nogu živih bikova bila je otežana zbog nemira životinje i preopterećenja kontralateralne noge tijekom korekcije, a uz to je rožina papaka prednjih nogu bila puno čvršća, negoli stražnjih nogu što je imalo utjecaj na preciznost izmjere papaka. Negativan stupanj korelacije između visine pete papaka prednjih i stražnjih nogu i tjelesne mase upućuje na zaključak da se povećanjem tjelesne mase više opterećuju petni dijelovi papaka. Prosječna površina papaka prednjih nogu je 20% veća od prosječne površine papaka stražnjih nogu. Značajna i vrlo visoka povezanost postoji za ukupnu površinu papaka u odnosu na tjelesnu masu rasplodnih bikova, a ta korelacija je naglašenija u usporedbi površine papaka prednjih nogu i tjelesne mase negoli površine papaka stražnjih nogu i tjelesne mase. Površina papka raste s porastom tjelesne mase, a stupanj povezanosti je izraženiji na prednjim nogama, negoli na stražnjim. To je povezano s činjenicom da prednje noge, vrlo vjerojatno, trpe veće fiziološko opterećenje. Stupanj korelacije ukupne površine papaka svih udova i tjelesne mase također je visok