A confluência entre a perspectiva soviética do direito internacional e o tratamento estatal russo aos direitos humanos de indivíduos LGBT (2006-2017)

TCC(graduação) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Centro de Ciências Jurídicas. Direito.O presente trabalho visa a identificar os possíveis pontos de confluência entre a perspectiva soviética para o direito internacional e o tratamento estatal russo aos direitos humanos de indivíduos LGBT entre 2006 e 2017, inserido no cenário de retorno da narrativa de identidade nacional russa. Através deste estudo, procura-se especificar os pontos de similaridade, quebra ou continuidade entre a abordagem soviética para o direito internacional, particularmente no que diz respeito ao campo do direito internacional dos direitos humanos, e a atual posição depreendida da oposição aos direitos de pessoas LGBT em um contexto de nacionalismo e contraposição internacional. Primeiramente, estabelecem-se os aspectos comuns aos diferentes autores que marcaram a visão soviética para o direito internacional – a valorização do princípio da soberania, a primazia do direito interno sobre o direito internacional, a desconsideração do indivíduo como seu sujeito e a oposição ao Ocidente por meio do discurso dos direitos humanos – em um enquadramento teórico do nativismo e do universalismo como vertentes da abordagem russa. Em seguida, apresenta-se um panorama da defesa dos direitos humanos de indivíduos LGBT na Federação Russa entre 2006-2017 por meio do apontamento de aspectos legislativos, administrativos, políticos e jurisprudenciais de violações estatais aos direitos básicos dos mesmos. Por fim, retoma-se a perspectiva soviética para os direitos humanos e os indivíduos LGBT, e apontam-se os elementos de confluência evidenciados através da recente narrativa de identidade nacional defendida pelo Kremlin, como exposta em discursos presidenciais, nas manifestações da Igreja Ortodoxa Russa e da Corte Constitucional da Federação Russa. Através dessas análises, conclui-se que a retomada de aspectos nativistas da perspectiva soviética para a compreensão do direito internacional na narrativa de identidade nacional russa coloca em detrimento os direitos humanos de indivíduos LGBT por caracterizá-los como opositores ocidentais liberais à soberania russa.The present essay aims to identify the possible confluence points between the Soviet perspective to international law and the Russian state treatment to human rights of LGBT persons from 2006 to 2017, set in the scene of a return to Russian national identity narratives. Through this study, we seek to specify the similarities, ruptures and continuities between the Soviet approach to international law, particularly in respect to the field of international law of human rights, and the current Russian stance inferred from the objection to granting LGBT individuals rights in a context of nationalism and international opposition. Initially, we establish the common aspects between the different authors who shaped the Soviet view of international law – notably the high regard to the principle of sovereignty, the primacy of domestic law over international law, the disregard of the individual as its subject and the antagonism to Western human rights protection discourse – in a theoretical framework of nativism and universalism as strands of the Russian approach. Secondly, we seek to present an outlook of the protection of human rights of LGBT individuals in the Russian Federation between 2006-2017 through pointing out legislative, administrative, political and jurisprudential instances of state violation of their basic human rights. Finally, we refer to the Soviet stance on human rights and LGBT individuals, and identify the confluent elements expressed through the recent Kremlin backed national Russian identity narrative, as overt in presidential speeches and statements of the Russian Orthodox Church and the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. From these analyzes, we conclude that the return of nativist aspects deriving from the Soviet perspective to the understanding of international law in the Russian national identity narrative happens at the expense of human rights of LGBT individuals due to their characterization as Western liberal objectors to Russian sovereignty.Настоящее эссе направлено на выявление возможных точек слияния между советской точкой зрения на международное право и российского государственного режима прав человека ЛГБТ представителей с 2006 по 2017 год, установленного в событии возвращения к русскому национальному описанию идентичности. В рамках этого исследования мы стремимся указать сходства и различия между советским подходом к международному праву, особенно в области прав человека, и нынешней российской позицией, исходящей из возражения против предоставления прав сексуальным меньшинствам в контексте национализма и международной оппозиции. Сначала мы устанавливаем общие аспекты между разными авторами, которые сформировали советское мировоззрение, в частности, особое отношение к принципу суверенитета, превосходство национального права над международным, пренебрежение личностью как субъектом и антагонизм к западному правозащитному дискурсу - в теоретических рамках нативизма и универсализма как направления Российского подхода. Во-вторых, мы стремимся представить обозрение защиты прав людей с нетрадиционной сексуальной ориентацией в Российской Федерации в период между 2006-2017 годами, указав законодательные, административные, политические и судебные нарушения государством основных прав человека. Наконец, мы ссылаемся на советскую позицию по правам человека и представителей сексуальных меньшинств, а также выявляем соединяющиеся элементы, выраженные в недавнем подтвержденном Кремлем национальном российском самосознании, и в публичных выступлениях Президента и заявлениях Русской Православной Церкви и Конституционного Суда Российской Федерации. Из этих анализов мы делаем вывод, что возвращение нативистских аспектов, вытекающих из советской точки зрения, к пониманию международного права в российской национальной самобытности, происходит за счет прав людей с нетрадиционной сексуальной ориентацией в связи с тем, что их характеризуют как западных либеральных противников российского суверенитета

Meeting the challenges facing wheat production: The strategic research agenda of the Global Wheat Initiative

Wheat occupies a special role in global food security since, in addition to providing 20% of our carbohydrates and protein, almost 25% of the global production is traded internationally. The importance of wheat for food security was recognised by the Chief Agricultural Scientists of the G20 group of countries when they endorsed the establishment of the Wheat Initiative in 2011. The Wheat Initiative was tasked with supporting the wheat research community by facilitating collaboration, information and resource sharing and helping to build the capacity to address challenges facing production in an increasingly variable environment. Many countries invest in wheat research. Innovations in wheat breeding and agronomy have delivered enormous gains over the past few decades, with the average global yield increasing from just over 1 tonne per hectare in the early 1960s to around 3.5 tonnes in the past decade. These gains are threatened by climate change, the rapidly rising financial and environmental costs of fertilizer, and pesticides, combined with declines in water availability for irrigation in many regions. The international wheat research community has worked to identify major opportunities to help ensure that global wheat production can meet demand. The outcomes of these discussions are presented in this paper

Search for eccentric black hole coalescences during the third observing run of LIGO and Virgo

Despite the growing number of confident binary black hole coalescences observed through gravitational waves so far, the astrophysical origin of these binaries remains uncertain. Orbital eccentricity is one of the clearest tracers of binary formation channels. Identifying binary eccentricity, however, remains challenging due to the limited availability of gravitational waveforms that include effects of eccentricity. Here, we present observational results for a waveform-independent search sensitive to eccentric black hole coalescences, covering the third observing run (O3) of the LIGO and Virgo detectors. We identified no new high-significance candidates beyond those that were already identified with searches focusing on quasi-circular binaries. We determine the sensitivity of our search to high-mass (total mass M>70 M⊙) binaries covering eccentricities up to 0.3 at 15 Hz orbital frequency, and use this to compare model predictions to search results. Assuming all detections are indeed quasi-circular, for our fiducial population model, we place an upper limit for the merger rate density of high-mass binaries with eccentricities 0<e≤0.3 at 0.33 Gpc−3 yr−1 at 90\% confidence level

Ultralight vector dark matter search using data from the KAGRA O3GK run

Among the various candidates for dark matter (DM), ultralight vector DM can be probed by laser interferometric gravitational wave detectors through the measurement of oscillating length changes in the arm cavities. In this context, KAGRA has a unique feature due to differing compositions of its mirrors, enhancing the signal of vector DM in the length change in the auxiliary channels. Here we present the result of a search for U(1)B−L gauge boson DM using the KAGRA data from auxiliary length channels during the first joint observation run together with GEO600. By applying our search pipeline, which takes into account the stochastic nature of ultralight DM, upper bounds on the coupling strength between the U(1)B−L gauge boson and ordinary matter are obtained for a range of DM masses. While our constraints are less stringent than those derived from previous experiments, this study demonstrates the applicability of our method to the lower-mass vector DM search, which is made difficult in this measurement by the short observation time compared to the auto-correlation time scale of DM

Meeting the Challenges Facing Wheat Production: The Strategic Research Agenda of the Global Wheat Initiative

Wheat occupies a special role in global food security since, in addition to providing 20% of our carbohydrates and protein, almost 25% of the global production is traded internationally. The importance of wheat for food security was recognised by the Chief Agricultural Scientists of the G20 group of countries when they endorsed the establishment of the Wheat Initiative in 2011. The Wheat Initiative was tasked with supporting the wheat research community by facilitating collaboration, information and resource sharing and helping to build the capacity to address challenges facing production in an increasingly variable environment. Many countries invest in wheat research. Innovations in wheat breeding and agronomy have delivered enormous gains over the past few decades, with the average global yield increasing from just over 1 tonne per hectare in the early 1960s to around 3.5 tonnes in the past decade. These gains are threatened by climate change, the rapidly rising financial and environmental costs of fertilizer, and pesticides, combined with declines in water availability for irrigation in many regions. The international wheat research community has worked to identify major opportunities to help ensure that global wheat production can meet demand. The outcomes of these discussions are presented in this paper