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Spin relaxation of atoms in molecular buffer gases
Molecular and Cellular Biolog
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How to Track Bacteria
A microscope is described which automatically remains focused on individual motile bacteria. The container in which the bacteria are suspended is moved in such a way that the position of a given organism remains fixed; x, y, and z drive signals provide a measure of its displacement relative to the suspension medium. Records are shown of the motion of Escherischia coli.Molecular and Cellular Biolog
Coordination of flagella on filamentous cells of Escherichia coli
Video techniques were used to study the coordination of different flagella on single filamentous cells of Escherichia coli. Filamentous, nonseptate cells were produced by introducing a cell division mutation into a strain that was polyhook but otherwise wild type for chemotaxis. Markers for its flagellar motors (ordinary polyhook cells that had been fixed with glutaraldehyde) were attached with antihook antibodies. The markers were driven alternately clockwise and counterclockwise, at angular velocities comparable to those observed when wild-type cells are tethered to glass. The directions of rotation of different markers on the same cell were not correlated; reversals of the flagellar motors occurred asynchronously. The bias of the motors (the fraction of time spent spinning counterclockwise) changed with time. Variations in bias were correlated, provided that the motors were within a few micrometers of one another. Thus, although the directions of rotation of flagellar motors are not controlled by a common intracellular signal, their biases are. This signal appears to have a limited range
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Single-File Diffusion of Flagellin in Flagellar Filaments
A bacterial flagellar filament is a cylindrical crystal of a protein known as flagellin. Flagellin subunits travel from the cytoplasm through a 2 nm axial pore and polymerize at the filament’s distal end. They are supplied by a pump in the cell membrane powered by a proton-motive force. In a recent experiment, it was observed that growth proceeded at a rate of approximately one subunit every 2 s. Here, we asked whether transport of subunits through the pore at this rate could be effected by single-file diffusion, which we simulated by a random walk on a one-dimensional lattice. Assuming that the subunits are α-helical, the answer is yes, by a comfortable margin.Molecular and Cellular BiologyPhysic
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Gliding Motility of Cytophaga Sp. Strain U67
Video techniques were used to analyze the motion of the gliding bacterium Cytophaga sp. strain U67. Cells moved singly on glass along the long axis at a speed of about 2 micrometers/s, advancing, retreating, stopping, pivoting about a pole, or flipping over. They did not flex or roll. Cells of different lengths moved at about the same speed. Cells sometimes spun continuously about a pole at a frequency of about 2 HZ, the body moving in a plane parallel to that of the glass or on the surface of a cone having either a large or a small solid angle. Polystyrene latex spheres moved to and fro on the surfaces of cells, also at a speed of about 2 micrometers/s. They moved in the same fashion whether a cell was in suspension, gliding, or at rest on the glass. Two spheres on the same cell often moved in opposite directions, passing by one another in close proximity. Small and large spheres and aggregates of spheres all moved at about the same speed. An aggregate moved down the side of a cell with a fixed orientation, even when only one sphere was in contact with the cell. Spheres occasionally left one cell and were picked up by another. Cell pretreated with small spheres did not adhere to glass. When the cells were deprived of oxygen, they stopped gliding, and the spheres stopped moving on their surfaces. The spheres became completely immobilized; they no longer moved from cell to cell or exhibited Brownian movement. Cytophaga spp. are known to have a typical gram-negative cell envelope: an inner (cytoplasmic) membrane, a thin peptidoglycan layer, and an outer (lipopolysaccharide) membrane. Our data are consistent with a model for gliding in which sites to which glass and polystyrene strongly adsorb move within the fluid outer membrane along tracks fixed to the rigid peptidoglycan framework.Molecular and Cellular Biolog
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