Aesthetic values in home and consumer studies – investigating the secret ingredient in food education

Food is a part of everyday life, and formal food education is included in compulsory education in many countries, for example through the subject Home and Consumer Studies (HCS). While food education is often underpinned by public health concerns such as preventing non-communicable diseases and promoting cooking skills, there has been little focus on aesthetic aspects of teaching and learning about food. This study therefore aims to gain understanding of aesthetic values as a part of HCS food educational practices. Aesthetic values are here regarded as socially and culturally shared, and related to notions of pleasure and taste. As this study uses a pragmatist approach, aesthetic values are seen as constituted in encounters, encompassing experiencing individual(s), artifacts, and context. By thematically analyzing empirical data from an exploratory case study, including classroom observations, student focus groups, and teacher interviews, we show how values are constituted as culinary, production, and bodily aesthetics. Culinary aesthetics involved cooking processes, cooking skills, and presentation of food and meals. Production aesthetics involved foods’ origin and degree of pre-processing, whereas bodily aesthetics related to bodily consequences of eating. Aesthetic values were vital features of the educational practices studied and played a key role in bringing the practices forward. They also indicated what counted as valid, or desired, outcomes and thereby steered events in certain directions. The study highlights the significance of aesthetic values and argues in favor of acknowledging aesthetics in planning, undertaking, and evaluating HCS food education

Conditions for transformative learning for sustainable development: a theoretical review and approach

Continued unsustainability and surpassed planetary boundaries require not only scientific and technological advances, but deep and enduring social and cultural changes. The purpose of this article is to contribute a theoretical approach to understand conditions and constraints for societal change towards sustainable development. In order to break with unsustainable norms, habits, practices, and structures, there is a need for learning for transformation, not only adaption. Based on a critical literature review within the field of learning for sustainable development, our approach is a development of the concept of transformative learning, by integrating three additional dimensions—Institutional Structures, Social Practices, and Conflict Perspectives. This approach acknowledges conflicts on macro, meso, and micro levels, as well as structural and cultural constraints. It contends that transformative learning is processual, interactional, long-term, and cumbersome. It takes place within existing institutions and social practices, while also transcending them. The article adopts an interdisciplinary social science perspective that acknowledges the importance of transformative learning in order for communities, organizations, and individuals to be able to deal with global sustainability problems, acknowledging the societal and personal conflicts involved in such transformation

European consensus statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD: The European Network Adult ADHD.

BACKGROUND: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is among the most common psychiatric disorders of childhood that persists into adulthood in the majority of cases. The evidence on persistence poses several difficulties for adult psychiatry considering the lack of expertise for diagnostic assessment, limited treatment options and patient facilities across Europe. METHODS: The European Network Adult ADHD, founded in 2003, aims to increase awareness of this disorder and improve knowledge and patient care for adults with ADHD across Europe. This Consensus Statement is one of the actions taken by the European Network Adult ADHD in order to support the clinician with research evidence and clinical experience from 18 European countries in which ADHD in adults is recognised and treated. RESULTS: Besides information on the genetics and neurobiology of ADHD, three major questions are addressed in this statement: (1) What is the clinical picture of ADHD in adults? (2) How can ADHD in adults be properly diagnosed? (3) How should ADHD in adults be effectively treated? CONCLUSIONS: ADHD often presents as an impairing lifelong condition in adults, yet it is currently underdiagnosed and treated in many European countries, leading to ineffective treatment and higher costs of illness. Expertise in diagnostic assessment and treatment of ADHD in adults must increase in psychiatry. Instruments for screening and diagnosis of ADHD in adults are available and appropriate treatments exist, although more research is needed in this age group

Salivary Biomarkers for Detection of Systemic Diseases

Peer reviewe

Småbarnsmødre i arbeidslivet

Denne oppgaven har jeg valgt å kalle ”Småbarnsmødre i arbeidslivet”, og jeg ønsket å finne ut om kvinner endrer syn på karrieren sin etter at de får barn, om kvinnene føler seg annerledes behandlet av organisasjonen etter at de fikk barn og om det finnes ordninger for småbarnsforeldre som har betydning for kvinnenes videre karriere. Kvinner og karriere er et aktuelt tema i samfunnsdebatten og også for egen interesse er det aktuelt, jeg er selv kvinne med barn som snart skal ut i arbeidslivet. For å få svar på dette har jeg gjennomført intervjuer med fem yrkesaktive kvinner med små barn. Det viser seg ut fra denne undersøkelsen at kvinnene endrer målet for karrieren sin etter at de får barn, de fleste blir behandlet som før av organisasjonen sin og ordninger som gjør hverdagen lettere for småbarnsforeldre er viktig for kvinnene

Infrias brukarstyrelsernas demokratilöften? - en komparativ fallstudie om brukarstyrelser i grundskolor

This thesis examines and evaluates user boards in Swedish public schools from a democratic perspective. In order to evaluate whether the democratic values are fulfilled five different democratic ideals are selected to serve as a theoretical fundament. These ideals derive from the Swedish Government Official Reports that preceded the reform of user boards in schools, and are identified as the following: participation, dialogue, trust, democratic schooling and influence. The study is based on cases and involves two schools with user boards and two comparative schools with informal parental influence, so called school advisory boards. The study concludes that the main difference between the two types of parental influence is the level of formality. The formal character of the user boards provides the parents in those with more possibilities to influence their schools, than parents in advisory boards. However, the parents in the user boards do not use their influence to the extent that they are allowed to

"It’s to get out that matters" : A qualitative study of how teachers of physical education and health in grades 7-9 interpret and assess a knowledge requirement regarding outdoor activities

Syfte och frågeställningar Syftet med studien är att få en djupare förståelse för hur lärare i idrott och hälsa i årskurs 7-9 tolkar och bedömer kunskapskravet ”eleven planerar och genomför friluftsaktiviteter med viss/relativt god/god anpassning till olika förhållanden, miljöer och regler” (Skolverket, 2011, s.51) samt vad lärarna upplever påverkar sina möjligheter att behandla kunskapskravet. Studiens frågeställningar är: Hur tolkar lärarna kunskapskravet? Hur arbetar lärarna med att bedöma kunskapskravet? Vilka faktorer upplever lärarna påverkar deras möjligheter att arbeta med kunskapskravet? Metod Studien baseras på kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer. Bekvämlighetsurval följt av kedjeurval gav ett underlag på åtta legitimerade lärare i idrott och hälsa. Intervjuerna utfördes genom videosamtal i Zoom eller e-post. Data transkriberades och kodades sedan utifrån teman kopplat till studiens frågeställningar. I studien används läroplansteori och ramfaktorteori som teoretiskt ramverk. Resultat Lärarna i studien visar liknande tolkning av kunskapskravet och då att eleverna ska planera och utföra aktiviteter i naturmiljö med anpassning till olika väder/årstider, platser och allemansrätten. Tolkningen av vad eleverna ska kunna utifrån de olika betygsnivåerna skiljer sig. Lärarna uppger skilda arbetssätt i att bedöma kunskapskravet. De intervjuade lärarna upplever att det är främst yttre faktorer som påverkar deras möjligheter att behandla kunskapskravet i sin undervisning. Slutsats:  Slutsatser från studien är att lärarna är viktiga aktörer i transformerings- och realiseringsarenan och då i hur det aktuella kunskapskravet tolkas och bedöms. Hur lärarna tolkar och hur de bedömer kunskapskravet påverkas i stor utsträckning av ramfaktorer som både kan möjliggöra och begränsa deras handlingsutrymme.Aim The aim of the study is to gain a deeper understanding of how teachers in physical education and health (PEH) in grades 7-9 interpret and assess the knowledge requirement “The student plans and carries out outdoor activities with some/relatively good/good adaptation to different conditions, environments and rules'' (Skolverket, 2011, s.51) and what teachers experience affects their ability to process the knowledge requirement. The study's questions are: How do the teachers interpret the knowledge requirement? How do the teachers work to assess the knowledge requirement? What factors do the teachers experience affect their ability to work with the knowledge requirement? Method This study is based on qualitative semi-structured interviews. Convenience sampling followed by a chain sampling provided a basis for eight licensed teachers in PEH. Interviews were conducted through video calls in Zoom or email. Data was transcribed and then coded based on themes linked to the study’s questions. The study uses curriculum theory and frame factor theory as a theoretical framework.  Results The teachers in the study show a similar interpretation of the knowledge requirement. Students should plan and implement activities in nature with adaptation to different weather/seasons, places and the right of public access. The interpretation of what the students should be able to do is based on the different grade levels differs. The teachers state different working methods in assessing the knowledge requirement. The interviewed teachers feel that it is mainly external factors that affect their ability to process the knowledge requirement in their teaching. Conclusions Conclusions from the study are that teachers are important actors in the transformation- and realization arena and then in how the knowledge requirement is interpreted and realized. How teachers interpret and how they assess the knowledge requirement are greatly affected by frame factors that can both enable and limit their room to maneuver

Ett nytt språk i en ny tid? En fallstudie av en myndighets textuella kommunikation i en värld av sociala medier

In  the  society  of  today  social  media  occupies  an  ever  increasingly  part  in  the  life  of  the  modern  man.  Social  media  has  become  a  common  tool  in  communicating  thoughts,  ideas  and  information  for  companies,  authorities  and  private  individu--‐  als  alike.  This papers purpose was that through a case study examine what form an authority’s textual communication through social media (in the form of Facebook and Twitter), web page and traditional ads takes and also to examine possible differences. The case study used a present time perspective and was conducted on Försvarsmakten. A modified manual text analysis was conducted on chosen objects from the four previously mentioned media. The manual text analysis was taken from a given template and was then modified through a frame of reference that included theory about text, rhetoric, genre, text type and advertising. The analyses show that there are both similarities and differences in the com--‐ munication through the different types of media. The purpose of the ads is to dif--‐ ferentiate the image of Försvarsmakten, to inform about Försvarsmakten and also to recruit new soldiers to Försvarsmakten. The purpose of the communica--‐ tion through the web page and the social media is not as distinct, and is shaped by topical events. Försvarsmakten uses a leadership tonality throughout its communication but tends to get more personal and informal through Facebook and Twitter. The pursued argumentative method is always closed and Forsvars--‐ makten does not seem to have any interest in discussing its activities through Facebook or Twitter in the analysed communication. The communication through social media arises in certain cases from a private persons question to Försvarsmakten. Although to claim that there’s a shift in the balance of power in the communication through social media because of that is not fair. On what terms information is spread and discussed is still mainly Försvarsmaktens. Altough it is fair to claim that the Facebook page has become a new meeting place for those who take an interest in Försvarsmakten and their activities. Keywords: textual communication, social media, case study, authority, manual text.I dagens samhälle tar de sociala medierna allt mer utrymme i den moderna man--‐ niskans verklighet. De sociala medierna har blivit ett vanligt verktyg för att kommunicera tankar, idéer och information för såväl företag som myndigheter och privatpersoner. Det här arbetets syfte var att genom en fallstudie undersöka hur en myndighets textuella kommunikation genom sociala medier (i form av Facebook och Twitter) samt hemsida och traditionella annonser ser ut, samt att undersöka eventuella skillnader. Fallstudien har haft ett nulägesperspektiv och har utförts på For--‐ svarsmakten. Utifrån utvalda objekt från de fyra nämnda medierna gjordes en anpassad brukstextanalys. Brukstextanalysen togs fram utifrån en given mall men anpassades utifrån en referensram där teori kring bland annat text, retorik, genre, texttyp och reklam ingick. Analyserna visar att det finns både skillnader och likheter i kommunikationen mellan de olika medierna. Annonsernas syfte är att nyansera bilden av For--‐ svarsmakten, informera om Försvarsmakten samt att rekrytera nya soldater till Försvarsmakten. Syftet med kommunikationen via hemsidan samt de sociala medierna är inte lika tydligt, och formas efter aktuella skeenden. Forsvarsmak--‐ ten använder sig genomgående av en ledarskapstonalitet men tenderar att bli personliga och informella i kommunikationen genom Facebook och Twitter. Den argumentation som förs är genomgående stängd och Försvarsmakten tycks inte, i den kommunikation som analyserats, ha något intresse av att diskutera sin verksamhet via Facebook eller Twitter. Kommunikationen via de sociala medi--‐ erna uppstår i vissa fall till följd av att en privatperson riktar en fråga till For--‐ svarsmakten. Att påstå att kommunikationen via de sociala medierna därför har en rubbad maktbalans är dock inte rimligt. Den information som sprids och dis--‐ kuteras via Försvarsmaktens Facebooksida sker fortfarande till största del på Försvarsmaktens villkor. Däremot är det rimligt att påstå att Facebooksidan fun--‐ gerar som en ny mötesplats för de som har ett intresse av Försvarsmakten och deras verksamhet. Nyckelord: textuell kommunikation, sociala medier, fallstudie, myndighet, bruks--‐ textanalys

Anal incontinence and unrecognized anal sphincter injuries after vaginal delivery- a cross-sectional study in Norway

Background: Aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence of postpartum anal incontinence among women who delivered vaginally, and to assess the extent to which obstetric injuries to the anal sphincters are missed. Methods: All women (both primiparous and multiparous) who delivered vaginally and received any kind of sutures in the perineal area at Innlandet Hospital Trust Elverum in Norway between January 1, 2015 and June 30, 2016 were invited to answer a questionnaire on St. Mark's incontinence score and to participate in a clinical examination of the pelvic floor including endoanal sonography. Results: In total 52,3% (n = 207) of the 396 invited women participated in the study. Mean St. Mark's score was 1.8 points (95% CI 1.4 to 2.1) at examination 14 months (mean) postpartum, and none of the participants suffered from weekly fecal leakage. Fecal urgency affected 11.7% (95% CI 7.1 to 16.3) of the participants, and 8.7% (95%CI 5.1 to 12.8) had weekly involuntary leakage of flatus. Nine women (9.3%, 95% CI 4.1 to 15.5) had a previously undetected third degree obstetric anal sphincter injury. Conclusion: The prevalence of anal incontinence among women who have delivered vaginally and received sutures due to 1st and 2nd degree perineal lacerations is low. Some obstetric anal sphincter injuries remain unrecognized at the time of delivery, but the symptoms of anal incontinence due to these injuries are in the lower half of the St. Mark's incontinence score. Women with persistent symptoms like fecal urgency or leakage of gas and/or feces should be referred to evaluation by a colorectal surgeon in order to achieve optimal treatment. Keywords: Anal incontinence; Obstetric anal sphincter injury; Obstetric care; Occult injury

Bakåtvänd eller framåtvänd bilbarnstol för dem mellan ett och fem år.

This paper aims to analyze how child restraint systems (CRS) in cars should be positioned to protect children at the ages 1 to 5. The study is preformed in co-operation with the Swedish insurance company Folksam. Data from Folksam´s database on car crashes in the years 1999-2004 is being used in this study. Every child in the ages 1 to 5 was searched for in the database, which resulted in 184 observations. To perform the analysis, categorical data analysis is suitable. The model used, is logistic regression. The model consists of three dichotomous variables; the explanatory variables being Type of CRS (rearward or forward) and Direction of collision (one direction affecting driver and child equally, or one direction affecting them differently). The response variable is Relative injury (the child was less injured than the driver or the child was equally or more injured than the driver). Putting the child’s injury in comparison to the injury of the driver enables comparisons between different children, even though circumstances vary from case to case. It turns out that both the explanatory variables have significant impact on the Relative injury of the child. Children positioned in rearward facing CRS are less injured in comparison to their drivers than children positioned in forward facing CRS. Consequently, it can be recommended that children between 1 and 5 should be put in a rearward facing CRS when seated in cars