Apokalyptische Gestalt oder „Feind Russlands“? Napoleon in russischen Karikaturen zu Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts

This article is devoted to “sacralized” imaginations of Napoleon and his army as enemies as they appear in Russian caricatures of 1812. It consists of three parts: the first one deals with the images of the “holy war,” Napoleon, and France in Russian official political manifestos and Church sermons from the beginning of the 19th century. The second part examines West European “demonic” images of the French Emperor. Finally, the third part explores whether Russian caricature interpreted the war of 1812 as an event in the history of Christian salvation. The analysis suggests that Russian caricaturists mostly ignored the “demonized” images of Napoleon and his army. They predominantly concentrated on depicting heroic fights of the common people with the French invaders. The reasons for this astonishing lack of Napoleon-Antichrist-images can be explained by both a new interest in „the Russian people“ and old traditions of the Russian Orthodox iconography which did not provide frightening devil images either

Sociocultural sustainability as a category of sociological analysis

The article analyzes main approaches to the study of the sustainability concept in mathematics, psychology, economics, political science, philosophy and sociology. The term sociocultural sustainability is viewed as a state characterized by intergenerational constant and consistent reproduction of main features of culture of the society.В статье анализируются основные подходы к изучению понятия устойчивости с различных научных сторон. Проводится анализ понятия устойчивости в математике, психологии, экономики, политологии, философии и социологии. Подробно рассматривается термин социокультурная устойчивость как состояние, характеризуемое постоянным и последовательным воспроизводством основных черт культуры общества из поколения в поколение

The use of doxorubicine at low doses for elevation of LAK-activity toward explants and cells of MC-rhabdomyosarcoma and В16 melanoma resistant to doxorubicin

Aim: To study the influence of doxorubicin at low doses on antitumor action of activated (LAK) and non-activated lymphocytes from lymph nodes toward tumor cells of mice bearing doxorubicin-resistant and doxorubicin-sensitive transplantable MC-rhabdomyosarcoma and B16 melanoma. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out on BALB/c mice bearing MC-rhabdomyosarcoma and С57BL/6 mice bearing В16 melanoma. Explants, tumor cells and lymphocytes were cultivated in diffusion chambers, filters were stained with hematoxylin by Karachi, and morphology of preparations was examined. Results: At the day 7 of tumor growth in mice bearing resistant MC-rhabdomyosarcoma, non-activated lymphocytes pretreated with low-dose doxorubicin possess the highest antitumor activity, and in mice bearing doxorubicin-resistant B16 melanoma the highest antitumor activity was detected for lymphocytes after combined cultivation with IL-2 and doxorubicin. At the day 14 of tumor growth, LAK obtained from lymphocytes pretreated with doxorubicin possess the highest cytotoxic activity toward resistant tumor cells both of MC-rhabdomyosarcoma and B16 melanoma. There was no such effect in the case of sensitive tumors. Conclusion: To elevate antitumor activity of LAK toward MC-rhabdomyosarcoma and B16 melanoma cells, low doses of doxorubicin could be used at certain conditions of LAK generation.Цель: изучить влияние малых доз доксорубицина на противоопухолевое действие активированных (ЛАК) и неактивированных лимфоцитов лимфатических узлов по отношению к опухолевым клеткам мышей с резистентными и чувствительными к доксорубицину перевивной МХ-рабдомиосаркомой и меланомой В16. Материалы и методы: исследования проведены на мышах линии BALB/c с МХ-рабдомиосаркомой и С57BL/6 c меланомой В16. Эксплантаты, опухолевые клетки и лимфоциты культивировали в диффузионных камерах и окраской фильтров гематоксилином по Караччи. Исследовали морфологическую картину полученных препаратов с учетом критериев роста опухоли. Результаты: сопоставление результатов противоопухолевой активности активированных и неактивированных лимфоцитов, полученных в различных условиях, показало следующее. На 7-е сутки у мышей з резистентной МХ-рабдомиосаркомой наибольшей противоопухолевой активностью обладали неактивированные лимфоциты, предварительно обработанные малыми дозами докорубицина, а у мышей з резистентной меланомой В16 — лимфоциты после сочетанного культивирования с ИЛ-2 и доксорубицином. На 14-е сутки роста опухоли наибольшей цитотоксической активностью обладали ЛАК, полученные из лимфоцитов, предварительно обработанных доксорубицином, в отношении резистентных опухолевых клеток как перевивной МХ-рабдомиосаркомы, так и меланомы В16. Относительно чувствительных клеток указанных опухолей такой эффект не отмечался. Выводы: для усиления противоопухолевой активности ЛАК по отношению к клеткам МХ-рабдомиосаркомы и меланомы В16, резистентных к доксорубицину, могут быть использованы малые дозы доксорубицина при соблюдении определенных условий получения ЛАК

Sistema de factores que influyen en la formación de un modelo de negocio

La elección del modelo de interacción gobierno-empresas (GBI) es a menudo una cuestión más política que social o económica. Sin embargo, la formación y el cambio del modelo GBI están determinados por factores económicos y sociales que se han desarrollado históricamente en el área de estudio. Las tendencias de los últimos años han complementado el sistema de factores del GBI con dos componentes integrales: una crisis de naturaleza no económica (pandemia) y la digitalización de todos los ámbitos de actividad. Los modelos de interacción gobierno-empresas se diferencian significativamente en el contexto de diferentes estados, y Rusia, debido a la escala de su economía, en el contexto de las regiones. El artículo presenta desarrollos originales de un esquema estructural y lógico que puede utilizarse para determinar el sistema de factores para elegir el modelo de interacción entre los gobiernos regionales y las estructuras empresariales con el fin de identificar el modelo actual y las posibilidades de su transformación para optimizar la interacción de las estructuras de poder y las empresas en la región en un contexto de crisis o período de transición. El modelo se probó utilizando los materiales de las regiones rusas

ORDINARY PERSON IN MEDIA: PUBLIC INTEREST AND PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE

This paper is based on the results of the research project “Media Discourses on Material and Ethnic Gaps. A comparative study in St Petersburg and Stockholm” financed by the Foundation for Baltic and East European Studies (Sweden). One of the main sections of the project was focused on ordinary persons’ portrayal in comparison with images of so-called celebrities in the regional media. Russian and Swedish scholars used a set of methods such as content analysis of newspapers and TV, expert in-depth interviews, and focus groups (2013, Spring - Summer). In fact, common men appeared rarely in TV excerpts and newspaper articles, especially in Russia. At the same time non-commons were shown in the majority of Russian TV and print media items while Swedish media give the opposite proportions. To explain gaps between Russian and Swedish findings one needs to take into account different social and mental traditions in these countries. The difference has been revealed within expert interviews and focus groups.

„Jako niepokonanym murem, bronicie ziemię ruską”: Temat przedmurza w nowożytnych kronikach ukraińskich

The article examines the major forms and shifts in the development of antemurale christianitatis rhetoric in the 17th – to mid-18th-century Ukrainian chronicles. The question of why and in which form the Ukrainian chroniclers did or did not use the image of the bulwark of Christianity remains the key issue. The chapter is divided into two parts: the first one deals with the bastion images in Ukrainian chronicles as a response to the European and Polish-Lithuanian bastion rhetoric; the second one is devoted to the descriptions of fortified cities and monasteries as Christian ramparts (mainly, Bratslav, Kamianets’-Podils’kyi, L’viv, and Uman’, monasteries in Mezhyhiria and Trakhtemyriv) in chronicles.Celem artykułu jest badanie głównych form oraz zmian w rozwoju tematyki antemurale christianitatis w latopisach ukraińskich od końca XVII do połowy XVIII w. Główne zadanie badawcze to odpowiedź na pytanie, dlaczego i w jaki sposób kronikarze sięgali po retorykę przedmurza. Artykuł składa się z dwóch części. Pierwsza dotyczy tematu „ukraińskiego przedmurza”, którego pojawienie się było rezultatem obecności tego motywu w europejskiej, a zwłaszcza polsko-litewskiej literaturze i sztuce omawianego okresu. Druga część jest poświęcona opisowi ufortyfikowanych miast oraz klasztorów, które były ukazywane jako symbole przedmurza w kronikach ukraińskich (Bracław, Kamieniec Podolski, Lwów, Humań, Międzygórski Monaster Przemienienia Pańskiego oraz Monaster Zaśnięcia Matki Bożej w Trechtymirowie)

GENDER-MARKED IDIOMS DEFINING A MALE PERSON IN TATAR AND ENGLISH

Abstract. Gender studies represent an intensively developing field of knowledge. Gender means a set ofconcepts and norms of behavior, usually associated with persons of male and female gender. Gender issues are at the center of a new interdisciplinary field of human sciences, called “gender studies”. The main concept of the categorical apparatus of this direction is “gender” (sociocultural sex), which involves the study of male and female behavior, thinking, and communication. Gender has an all-pervasive ability, which determines its arrangement in the collective and individual consciousness. Phraseological units are a vivid example of the embodiment in the language of characterological features of the worldview of representatives of a particular linguistic community and the means of historical translation of the cultural attitudes of the native speaker of a language. Being stereotypes of the people's consciousness, they serve as a valuable source of information about the people's perceptions, behavior and attitude to this or that phenomenon of culture and represent a fragment of the language picture of the world. This article, firstly, seeks to outline the main steps that gender studies have taken in the field of Tatar and English phraseology. Secondly, it shows the general criteria of selecting gender-specific phraseological units from lexicographic sources. Thirdly, it analyses gender-specific phraseological units nominating a male person in the Tatar and English languages in the comparative aspect.Keywords: gender marked phraseology, phraseological unit, male gender, Tatar, English, comparative study

Expression of E-cadherin in drug resistant human breast cancer cells and their sensitivity to lymphokine-activated lymphocytes action

Aim: To analyze the correlation between the elevated sensitivity of drug resistant breast cancer cells to the action of lymphokine-activated lymphocytes (LAK) and expression of E-cadherin and other marker proteins by cancer cells and lymphocytes. Methods: Breast tumor explants were cultured with autologous lymphocytes in double diffusion chambers. The results were evaluated by morphological criteria of explants growth. Expression level of proteins on tumor cells was analyzed using immunohistochemical method on paraffin embedded sections, and by indirect immunofluorescence — on lymphocytes. Results: Significant decrease of E-cadherin expression and significant increase of nuclear antigen of proliferating cells expression have been detected on drug resistant malignant human breast tumor (DRHBT) cells compared with drug sensitive breast tumor (DSHBT) cells. Autologous LAK possessed the highest antitumor activity against DRHBT cells that was associated with high expression level of soybean lectin receptor. Conclusion: Malignant drug resistant tumors are characterized by reverse relation between E-cadherin expression level and their proliferative activity. Marked antitumor action of LAK against these tumors is associated with high expression level of soybean lectin receptor on the lymphocytes

Efficacy of different immunotherapy approaches toward treatment of doxorubicin-resistant and doxorubicinsensitive transplantable rhabdomyosarcoma

Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of different variants of immunotherapy, namely, adoptive LAK-therapy, vaccine therapy and their combination in vivo using transplantable murine MC-rhabdomyosarcoma resistant and sensitive to doxorubicin (Dox). Materials and Methods: The study was carried out on BALB/c mice bearing Dox-sensitive and Dox-resistant transplantable murine MC-rhabdomyosarcoma. LAK-therapy (using lymphocytes from lymph nodes of syngenic mice) was performed starting from day 7 after tumor cell transplantation for 5 days; LAK (3 x 106 cells in 0.2 ml medium) were injected in the region of tumor. The vaccine prepared on the base of tumor cell glycopeptides was administered intraperitoneally at the volume of 0.2 ml before or after tumor transplantation. Efficacy of immunotherapy was evaluated by tumor growth inhibition and life span of animals. Results: By the indexes of tumor growth inhibition and average life span, for animals bearing Dox-sensitive tumors vaccine therapy was the most effective, whilst adoptive LAK-therapy was the most effective for mice bearing Dox-resistant tumors. All applied variants of therapy — adoptive LAK-therapy, vaccine therapy and their combination were effective for treatment of mice bearing Dox-sensitive and Dox-resistant transplantable murine MC-rhabdomyosarcoma. Conclusion: The obtained data demonstrated that Dox-sensitive and Dox-resistant tumors differ by the sensitivity to different types of immunotherapy.Цель: изучить влияние различных видов иммунотерапии, а именно адоптивной ЛАК-терапии, вакцинотерапии, а также их комбинации, дать оценку их эффективности в условиях перевивной МХ-рабдомиосаркомы мышей, резистентной и чувствительной к доксорубицину. Материалы и методы: исследования проведены на мышах линии BALB/c с чувствительной и резистентной к доксорубицину перевивной МХ-рабдомиосаркомой. ЛАК-терапию (лимфоцитами лимфатических узлов сингенных мышей) проводили начиная с 7 сут после перевивки опухолевых клеток на протяжении 5 дней; ЛАК вводили в область опухоли в количестве 3 млн в 0,2 мл среды. Вакцину, полученную на основе гликопептидов опухолевых клеток, вводили мышам интраперитонеально в объеме 0,2 мл по двум схемам: до перевивки и после перевивки опухоли. Влияние иммунотерапии оценивали по проценту торможения роста опухоли и выживаемости животных. Результаты: данные проведенной иммунотерапии свидетельствуют, что у мышей с чувствительной к доксорубицину опухолью наиболее эффективна вакцинотерапия, а при резистентной опухоли — адоптивная ЛАК-терапия, что подтверждалось наибольшей протяженностью жизни и наиболее выраженным торможением роста опухоли у животных этой группы. Кроме того, сравнительный анализ результатов применения ЛАК-терапии, вакцинотерапии и их сочетания показал, что все ее виды эффективны у мышей как с чувствительной, так и резистентной к доксорубицину МХ-рабдомиосаркомой. Выводы: полученные данные свидетельствуют о том, что резистентные и чувствительные к доксорубицину опухоли отличаются чувствительностью к различным видам иммунотерапии, что, по всей вероятности, объясняется различными механизмами их действия

Photo-Induced Oxidative Stress Impairs Mitochondrial Metabolism in Neurons and Astrocytes

Photodynamic therapy is selective destruction of cells stained with a photosensitizer upon irradiation with light at a specific wavelength in the presence of oxygen. Cell death upon photodynamic treatment is known to occur mainly due to free radical production and subsequent development of oxidative stress. During photodynamic therapy of brain tumors, healthy cells are also damaged; considering this, it is important to investigate the effect of the treatment on normal neurons and glia. We employed live-cell imaging technique to investigate the cellular mechanism of photodynamic action of radachlorin (200 nM) on neurons and astrocytes in primary rat cell culture. We found that the photodynamic effect of radachlorin increases production of reactive oxygen species measured by dihydroethidium and significantly decrease mitochondrial membrane potential. Mitochondrial depolarization was independent of opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore and was insensitive to blocker of this pore cyclosporine A. However, irradiation of cells with radachlorin dramatically decreased NADH autofluorescence and also reduced mitochondrial NADH pool suggesting inhibition of mitochondrial respiration by limitation of substrate. This effect could be prevented by inhibition of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) with DPQ. Thus, irradiation of neurons and astrocytes in the presence of radachlorin leads to activation of PARP and decrease in NADH that leads to mitochondrial dysfunction