Urinary protein detection by iTRAQ® associated with renal transplant complications and its modification with therapy

AbstractBackgroundAfter renal transplant, surgical, infection complications, as well as graft rejection may occur; early detection through non-invasive markers is the key to change therapy and avoid biopsy.ObjectiveThe aim of the study is to determine urine protein profiles in patients undergoing renal transplant with complications and detect its variation when therapy is modified.Material and methodsUrine samples were collected from patients prior the transplant and various postoperative stages. Urinary protein profiles were obtained by peptide labelling using isobaric isotopes for relative quantification (iTRAQ®).ResultsA total of 22 patients were included, of whom 12 developed post-transplant complication: 2 with graft rejection (1 male and 1 female) and 10 (6 males and 4 females) in the group of post-transplant infections. Using iTRAQ® 15/345 and 28/113 proteins were identified and fulfilled the acceptance criteria, in graft rejection and post-transplant infections group, respectively.ConclusionsAlbumin was the only protein found in both groups, the remaining proteins were different. The five proteins with higher scores in graft rejection were: alpha-1-microglobulin, 5′-nucleotidase cytosolic III, retinol-binding protein 4, membrane protein palmitoylated 4, and serine carboxypeptidase, while post-transplant infections were: mitochondrial acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase, putative adenosyl homocysteinase 2, zinc finger protein GLIS1, putative protein FAM157B, and zinc finger protein 615. It remains to elucidate the involvement of each of these in patients with renal transplantation

Report of the Influenza Vaccination Program in Mexico (2006–2022) and Proposals for Its Improvement

Background: Influenza has continued to be an important public health challenge, and the WHO recommends that countries consider vaccination for persons at high risk. Mexico has such a program, and we sought to determine its current situation. Material and Methods: This study has an ecological, longitudinal, and retrospective design based on secondary information on the acquisition and application of vaccines against influenza from official data from 2006 to 2022. Results: We found annual variability in the numbers of purchases and application of doses, with coverage of less than 90% of the total population every year; in addition, 17 million vaccines were not used in this period. Discussion: This study shows the situation of the program at the national level. Two institutions acquired fewer the vaccines, while one purchased more for its target population, but the necessary vaccinations were not acquired. On average, 1.7 million of the vaccines purchased annually were not used, but in some years, more vaccines were applied than were purchased in all of the institutions. We also observed that, between institutions, the vaccine coverage was very different, from 21% to 180%. On average, 6.2 million people were not vaccinated annually, between 16% and 22% of the target population, demonstrating low coverage. When we compared the coverage data that we calculated to the data published by the institutions, a great difference was observed. Conclusions: We found inconsistencies in the data, indicating their unreliability and potential disorganization within the program, as the target populations of each institution were not clear. In addition, the application data may have had reporting errors. Adequate coverage was not achieved, and the coverage was different from that reported in the official sources. We propose the implementation of different systems for control, evaluation, and access to the information of the program

Report of 16 Years of the BCG Vaccine under the Expanded Program on Immunizations in Mexico (2006–2021)

Background: In recent years in Mexico, a decreased Bacillus Calmette and Guérin (BCG) coverage has been observed concomitantly with new cases of tuberculosis. Material and Methods: This study is a descriptive and analytical evaluation regarding both BCG vaccine acquisition and coverage as reported by official sources over a 16-year period (2006–2021). Results: We found that vaccine acquisition, dose application and coverage are highly variable each year. Coverage is 90% or higher, except for the 2017–2020 period. Discussion: According to our calculations, between 3,917,616 and 4,961,868 individuals did not receive the BCG vaccine. Coverage was lower than 90% during the last 4 years, whereas this value decreased to 21% in 2020. Except for the last 5 years, the amount of acquired doses surpassed the demand thus causing a considerable vaccine wastage. Conclusions: BCG vaccine coverage is low and many individuals remain unprotected. The access to this vaccine is difficult and the number of newly reported cases of tuberculosis have increased during the last years. Thus, it is necessary to establish vaccination campaigns aimed protect the population and also to deploy a nominal system to control coverage, acquisitions, and target population

Report of 16 Years of the BCG Vaccine under the Expanded Program on Immunizations in Mexico (2006–2021)

Background: In recent years in Mexico, a decreased Bacillus Calmette and Guérin (BCG) coverage has been observed concomitantly with new cases of tuberculosis. Material and Methods: This study is a descriptive and analytical evaluation regarding both BCG vaccine acquisition and coverage as reported by official sources over a 16-year period (2006–2021). Results: We found that vaccine acquisition, dose application and coverage are highly variable each year. Coverage is 90% or higher, except for the 2017–2020 period. Discussion: According to our calculations, between 3,917,616 and 4,961,868 individuals did not receive the BCG vaccine. Coverage was lower than 90% during the last 4 years, whereas this value decreased to 21% in 2020. Except for the last 5 years, the amount of acquired doses surpassed the demand thus causing a considerable vaccine wastage. Conclusions: BCG vaccine coverage is low and many individuals remain unprotected. The access to this vaccine is difficult and the number of newly reported cases of tuberculosis have increased during the last years. Thus, it is necessary to establish vaccination campaigns aimed protect the population and also to deploy a nominal system to control coverage, acquisitions, and target population