Procjena koncentracije Cu u tlu i vrijednost pozadinskog praga u Crvenici iz Dalmacije

The aims of this study were (i) to assess the soil Cu concentration in the mineral A horizon and cambic Bw horizon, (ii) to determine the background threshold value (BTV), and (iii) to quantify the differences between the horizons in terra rossa soil from Dalmatia. A total of 128 samples from 64 soil profiles located on terrains used for non-agricultural purposes were analysed for aqua regia soluble Cu concentration. The soils were classified according to the Croatian Soil Classification System and World Reference Base for Soil Resources as terra rossa soil and Chromic and Rhodic Cambisols. The median value of Cu concentration in A horizon (CuA) and cambic Bw horizon (CuB) were 34.9 and 36.1 mg/kg, respectively, and ranged between 16.2 and 69.5 mg/kg in the CuA and from 17.0 to 73.0 mg/kg in the CuB horizon. The estimated BTV for CuA varied between 43.6 and 58.4 mg/kg depending on the calculation method applied. The median ratio CuA/CuB of 0.96 was close to identical. The Wilcoxon matched pairs signed rank test and the Hodges-Lehmann estimator showed that the median difference in Cu concentration between the CuA and CuB was very small (-1.78 mg/ kg). Mentioned statistical evidence on the small differences in Cu concentration between the horizons suggests that Cu concentrations measured in the Bw horizon can be considered a “local background” for the samples collected in A horizon and its utilization in screening terra rossa soil contamination can be suggested.Ciljevi ovog istraživanja bili su (i) odrediti koncentraciju bakra u mineralnom A i kambičnom Bw horizontu, (ii) odrediti pozadinsku vrijednost praga (PVP) te, (iii) kvantificirati razlike između horizonata u Crvenici iz Dalmacije. Ukupno 128 uzoraka iz 64 profila tla lociranih na terenima koji se koriste u nepoljoprivredne svrhe, analizirano je na koncentraciju topljivog Cu u zlatotopki. Tla su klasificirana prema Hrvatskom sustavu klasifikacije tala i Svjetskoj referentnoj bazi za resurse tla kao Crvenica, odnosno Chromic i Rhodic Cambisol. Vrijednosti medijane za koncentraciju Cu u A horizontu (CuA) i kambičnom Bw horizontu (CuB) bile su 34,9, odnosno 36,1 mg/kg, a kretale su se između 16,2 i 69,5 mg/kg u CuA i od 17,0 do 73,0 mg/kg u CuB horizontu. Utvrđeni PVP za CuA varirao je između 43,6 i 58,4 mg/kg, ovisno o primjenjenoj metodi određivanja. Medijana omjera CuA/CuB od 0,96 bila je blizu identičnom. Wilcoxonov test usklađenih parova i Hodges-Lehmann metoda su pokazali da je razlika medijana Cu koncentracija između CuA i CuB bila vrlo mala (-1,78 mg/ kg). Navedeni statistički dokazi o malim razlikama u koncentraciji Cu između horizonata sugeriraju da se koncentracije Cu izmjerene u kambičnom horizontu mogu smatrati "lokalnom pozadinom" za uzorke prikupljene u A horizontu i može se predložiti njihova upotreba u probiranju onečišćenja Crvenica

Purity decay rate in random circuits with different configurations of gates

We study purity decay -- a measure for bipartite entanglement -- in a chain of $n$ qubits under the action of various geometries of nearest-neighbor random 2-site unitary gates. We use a Markov chain description of average purity evolution, using further reduction to obtain a transfer matrix of only polynomial dimension in $n$. In most circuits, an exception being a brickwall configuration, purity decays to its asymptotic value in two stages: the initial thermodynamically relevant decay persisting up to extensive times is $\sim \lambda_{\mathrm{eff}}^t$ , with $\lambda_{\mathrm{eff}}$ not necessarily being in the spectrum of the transfer matrix, while the ultimate asymptotic decay is given by the second largest eigenvalue $\lambda_2$ of the transfer matrix. The effective rate $\lambda_{\mathrm{eff}}$ depends on the location of bipartition boundaries as well on the geometry of applied gates

Koncentracije olova i cinka u genetskim horizontima crvenice na lokalnoj razini. Kako se te koncentracije razlikuju?

The goals of this study were to (i) determine the concentration of the Pb and Zn in Terra rossa soil, (ii) reveal its origin and (iii) establish how the concentration of these elements between genetic horizons differ. In a total of 128 soil samples collected from the genetic A and B horizon of 64 Terra Rossa soil profiles were analyzed for aqua regia soluble concentration of lead (PbA and PbB) and zinc (ZnA and ZnB) as well as soil properties: pH in KCl, CaCO3, soil organic carbon (SOC) and particle size distribution. The median value of PbA, PbB, ZnA, and ZnB were 41.6, 33.8, 106.1 and 103.8 mg/ kg, respectively. The principal component analyses have shown that the Pb and Zn contribute most to the variability of A horizon and have the same and natural origin – they are accumulated by geochemical weathering and soil-forming processes. Using non-parametric techniques (the two-sided Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (K-S) and a shift function (SF) we estimated that (i) the PbA and PbB distribution differ in spread and median and (ii) the PbB distribution need to be progressively shifted, at the whole range starting from 2.8 mg/kg for the first decile; 7.2 mg/kg for the fifth decile (median) to 12.2 mg/kg for the ninth decile to match PbA distribution. In the case of Zn, there is no evidence that the distribution of ZnA is in any way different than the distribution of ZnB. This implies that the ZnA and ZnB have a remarkably similar shape of their distribution functions and a noticeable slight shift with a value of 2.3 mg/kg at fifth decile. The analysis presented here illustrated why detailed statistical descriptions can help to better understand how and by how much lead and zinc distributions in Terra rossa genetic horizon differ.Ciljevi ovog istraživanja bili su (i) odrediti koncentracije olova i cinka u crvenici, (ii) otkriti njihovo porijeklo i (iii) utvrditi kako se koncentracije tih elemenata razlikuju između genetskih horizonata. Analizirano je ukupno 128 uzoraka tla sakupljenih iz genetskog A i B horizonta u 64 profila crvenica, na koncentracije olova (PbA i PbB) i cinka (ZnA and ZnB) u zlatotopki, kao i na svojstva tla: pH u KCl-u, CaCO3, organski ugljik i mehanički sastav tla. Vrijednosti medijane za PbA, PbB, ZnA, i ZnB iznosile su: 41,6, 33,8, 106,1 i 103,8 mg/kg. Analiza glavnih komponenti pokazala je da varijabilnosti A horizonta najviše doprinose Pb i Zn koji imaju isto, prirodno porijeklo – akumulirani su geokemijskim trošenjem i pedogenetskim procesima. Korištenjem neparametrijskih tehnika (dvostranog Kolmogorov- Smirnov testa (K-S) i funkcije pomaka) ustanovljeno je (i) da se raspodjele PbA i PbB razlikuju u disperziji i medijani i (ii) da PbB distribuciju treba postupno pomaknuti po cijelom rasponu počevši od 2,8 mg/kg na prvoj decili preko 7,2 mg/kg na petoj decili (medijani) do 12,2 mg/kg na devetoj decili da bi se podudarala s PbA raspodjelom. U slučaju cinka, nema dokaza da se raspodjela ZnA na bilo koji način razlikuje od raspodjele ZnB. To implicira da ZnA i ZnB imaju upadljivo slične oblike funkcija raspodjele uz zamjetan blagi pomak od 2,3 mg/kg na petoj decili. Ovdje prikazana analiza ilustrira zašto detaljni statistički opisi mogu pomoći u boljem razumijevanju kako i koliko se razlikuju distribucije olova i cinka u genetskim horizontima crvenice

Fastest local entanglement scrambler, multistage thermalization, and a non-Hermitian phantom

We study random quantum circuits and their rate of producing bipartite entanglement, specifically with respect to the choice of 2-qubit gates and the order (protocol) in which these are applied. The problem is mapped to a Markovian process and proved that there are large spectral equivalence classes -- different configurations have the same spectrum. Optimal gates and the protocol that generate entanglement with the fastest theoretically possible rate are identified. Relaxation towards the asymptotic thermal entanglement proceeds via a series of phase transitions in the local relaxation rate, which is a consequence of non-Hermiticity. In particular, non-Hermiticity can cause the rate to be either faster, or, even more interestingly, slower than predicted by the matrix eigenvalue gap. This is caused by an exponential in system size explosion of expansion coefficient sizes resulting in a 'phantom' eigenvalue, and is due to non-orthogonality of non-Hermitian eigenvectors. We numerically demonstrate that the phenomenon occurs also in random circuits with non-optimal generic gates, random U(4) gates, and also without spatial or temporal randomness, suggesting that it could be of wide importance also in other non-Hermitian settings, including correlations.Comment: 22 pages; v2: 27 pages, new data on generic gates, Haar random gates, and on fluctuations and non-random system

MEDIA PROPAGANDA TECHNIQUES IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA DISPUTE

Bilateral relationship between Indonesia and China which is a pivotal pathway to Global Maritime Axis’s foreign policy has been relentlessly addressed by President Joko Widodo since his early administration in 2014. However, Indonesia is aware that China’s claim of nine-dashed line (9DL) has overlapped with Indonesia’s sovereignty area, Natuna water. This territory dispute has pushed Indonesian government to take a decisive action by sending a verbal note protest to the Chinese embassy in Indonesia. In the perspective of international communication, this action has scrutinized the interdependence between media systems and political systems as a form of a symbiosis connecting and creating perceptions on the issue. Propaganda techniques of mass media, such as inter alia, name-calling, glittering generality, transfer, plain folks, testimonial, selection, bandwagon, and frustration of scapegoat, might create certain perceptions. This study maps the propaganda techniques by Indonesian high-circulated newspaper Kompas and China’s state-run media Xinhua news agency. This study applies quantitative content analysis method in the period of May 30 to July 30, 2016

Sociétés océaniennes et questionnement du politique

Alban Bensa, directeur d’études De l’ethnographie politique du sujet à la fabrique de l’anthropologie L’expérience des autres, du monde et de soi ne saurait être la même dans les univers sociaux segmentaires faiblement centralisés et dans les dispositifs de forme étatique qui concentrent tous les pouvoirs en un seul lieu, voire entre les mains d’un seul personnage. Sous le régime segmentaire, la personne tire ses ancrages de son segment d’appartenance, lignage, clan, unité locale, dont les si..

Kvaliteta humusa u crvenicama pod maslinicima s različitim načinima gospodarenja tlom

The paper aimed to determine humus quality in Terra rossa soils under olive groves with different soil management types. A total of 10 top-soil samples (0-20 cm) were collected in olive groves of Middle Dalmatia, Croatia, out of which 5 were from the traditional low-input olive groves (TOG) and 5 in the intensive olive groves (IOG). The soil samples were analyzed for basic soil properties, soil organic carbon (SOC), and fractional composition of humic substances. Spectroscopic characterization of humic substances was carried out by measuring absorbance in the VIS spectral range (400-700 nm). Optical index E4/E6 (ratio of optical absorbance at 465 to 665 nm for humic substances in solution) was calculated. The mean value of SOC in soils under TOG (3.06%) was lower than in soils under IOG (3.88%). Higher variations of carbon in humic (CHA) and fulvic acid (CFA) were observed in the soils under IOG. The mean CHA/CFA ratio in soils under TOG was higher than in soils of IOG (1.78 and 1.26, respectively). The soils under TOG had fulvic-humic to humic types, while the soils of IOG had humic-fulvic to humic types of humus. A lower mean E4/E6 index of soils under TOG than IOG (3.78 and 4.36, respectively) confirmed the results of the classical analytical method. Our findings reveal higher variation and lower humus quality in soils under intensive olive cultivation.Cilj rada bio je utvrditi kvalitetu humusa u crvenicama pod maslinicima s različitim načinom gospodarenja tlom. Ukupno je uzeto 10 površinskih uzoraka tla (0-20 cm) iz maslinika Srednje Dalmacije, Hrvatska, od čega 5 iz tradicionalnih maslinika (TM) i 5 iz intenzivnih maslinika (IM). Uzorci tla su analizirani na osnovna svojstva tla, organski ugljik (OC) i frakcijski sastav humusnih supstanci. Spektroskopska karakterizacija humusnih supstanci provedena je mjerenjem absorbance u VIS spektralnom rasponu (400-700 nm). Izračunat je optički indeks E4/E6 (odnos optičke apsorbance kod 465 prema 665 nm za humusne supstance u otopini tla). Srednja vrijednost OC u tlima pod TM (3,06%) bila je niža nego u tlima pod IM (3,88%). Veća variranja ugljika u huminskim (CHA) i fulvo (CFA) kiselinama uočena su u tlima pod IM. Prosječni CHA/CFA odnos u tlima pod TM (1,78) bio je viši nego u tlima pod IM (1,26). Tla pod TM imala su fulvično-huminski do huminski tip, dok su tla pod IM imala huminsko-fulvični do huminski tip humusa. Niža srednja vrijednost E4/E6 indeksa u tlima pod TM (3,78) u odnosu na IM (4,36) potvrdila je rezultate klasične analitičke metode. Naši rezultati otkrivaju veće variranje i nižu kvalitetu humusa u tlima pod intenzivnom maslinarskom proizvodnjom

Influence of Geomorphology and Land Use on Soil Formation – Case Study Maksimir (Zagreb, Croatia)

Factors of soil formation govern soil processes and determine soil properties. The aim of this study was to asses the influence of geomorphology (soil parent material, soil age, soil landscape position) and land use (vegetation) on soil properties in the southeastern part of the Maksimir district in Zagreb, Croatia. Representative profiles of Eutric Cambisol, Humofl uvisol, and Pseudogley soils (soil profiles P-1, P-2, and P-3, respectively) were studied on different parent materials (older Holocene sediments, younger fluvial sediments, and loess derivates, respectively), landscape positions (lowland, lowland next to the stream, and plateau, respectively), and land uses (abandoned plough land, urban park, and forest, respectively). Geomorphology influenced soil morphological properties (horizonation, structure and consistence, redoximorphic features), soil particle size distribution (including the coarse/fine sand ratio and the vertical trends of the silt/clay ratio), and soil chemical properties (pH and ΔpH, CaCO3 content). Land use (vegetation) primarily influenced the topsoils of the investigated profiles (soil structure, abundance of roots, humus content, and soil pH), but also the presence of artefacts in the profile P-1 and the properties of redoximorphic features in the profi le P-3. Soil profi les P-1, P-2, and P-3 were classified according to the WRB-2014 system as Eutric Relictigleyic Cambisol (Geoabruptic, Loamic), Calcaric Endogleyic Fluvisol (Loamic), and Dystric Retic Stagnosol (Loamic), respectively. We conclude that both geomorphology and land use had crucial impacts on soil formation in the southeastern Maksimir. Moreover, the recent regulations of the local streams significantly influenced properties of the profiles P-1 and P-2