Anything You Can Use, I Can Use Better: Examining the Contours of Fair Use as an Affirmative Defense for Theatre Artists, Creators, and Producers

Broadway is booming. In a post-Hamilton world, ticket sales and attendance records for the commercial theatre industry continue to break season after season. At the same time (and perhaps not so coincidentally), litigation against theatre artists, creators, and producers has surged, especially in the realm of copyright infringement. Many theatre professionals accused of infringement in recent years have employed the doctrine of fair use—codified at 17 U.S.C. § 107—as an affirmative defense against such claims. This Note explores cases involving theatre professionals in which fair use was examined and contends that they collectively reflect broader historical trends in fair use jurisprudence. In particular, this Note argues that the fair use doctrine remains analytically unclear and difficult to follow and proposes that the transformative use inquiry—which was articulated in 1994 by the Supreme Court in Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.—be abandoned in future fair use analyses in favor of expressly following the four statutory factors enumerated in 17 U.S.C. § 107. Lastly, this Note directly addresses theatre artists, creators, and producers, and advises them that when writing, developing, or mounting a new theatrical production, any reliance on the fair use doctrine ought to be avoided. Instead, alternative avenues should be explored in order to circumvent copyright ownership challenges

Erfolg asymmetrischer Unterkiefervorverlagerung mit der Herbst-Apparatur

Das Ziel der Arbeit war es, die Effektivität der asymmetrischen Unterkiefervorverlagerung mit der Herbst-Apparatur sowie deren Kurzzeit-Stabilität zu ermitteln. 22 Patienten erfüllten die Einschlusskriterien: abgeschlossener Durchbruch aller Prämolaren und Eckzähne, asymmetrische Distallage der Mandibula (Molarenrelation mit einer Rechts-Links-Differenz von mindestens 0,75 Prämolarenbreiten), keine asymmetrischen Extraktionen oder Nichtanlagen bleibender Zähne, keine kraniofazialen Syndrome, Nachuntersuchungszeitraum von mindestens 12 Monaten, Situationsmodelle aller festgelegten Untersuchungszeitpunkte. Es wurde eine symmetrische Gruppe von 22 Patienten, welche die gleichen Einschlusskriterien erfüllten - mit Ausnahme der asymmetrischen Distallage der Mandibula -, zugeordnet. Diese Patienten wiesen eine symmetrische Distallage der Mandibula vergleichbaren Ausmaßes auf. Es erfolgte ein „Matching“ anhand der skelettalen Reife und gegebenenfalls des chronologischen Behandlungsbeginns. Die Behandlung mit der Herbst-Apparatur betrug durchschnittlich 8 Monate, die sich anschließende Multibracket-Phase durchschnittlich 14 Monate. Der durchschnittliche Nachuntersuchungszeitraum betrug 36 Monate. Kieferorthopädische Situationsmodelle von vor dem Einsetzen der Herbst-Apparatur (T1), unmittelbar nach dem Entfernen der Herbst-Apparatur (T2), unmittelbar nach dem Entfernen der Multibracket-Apparatur (T3) und mindestens 12 Monate nach Behandlungsende (T4) wurden vermessen. Zudem wurden En-Face-Gesichtsfotos der Zeitpunkte T1 und T4 vermessen. Zur statistischen Auswertung der Daten, wurde bei den Patienten der asymmetrischen Gruppe die rechte Unterkieferseite als die Seite der Distalokklusion bzw. stärker ausgeprägten Distalokklusion definiert. Bezüglich der Molarenrelation wiesen zum Zeitpunkt T1, gemäß der im Vorfeld vorgenommenen „Richtung“, beide Gruppen rechts und die symmetrische Gruppe links eine distale Molarenrelation von mindestens 0,75 Pb auf. Über 80 % der Patienten der asymmetrischen Gruppe wiesen links eine neutrale Molarenrelation auf. Zum Zeitpunkt T2 zeigte sich in beiden Gruppen auf beiden Seiten eine durch Überkorrektur hervorgerufene mesiale Molarenrelation. Während zum Zeitpunkt T3 in der asymmetrischen Gruppe 63,6 % und in der symmetrischen Gruppe 77,3 % der Patienten rechts eine neutrale Molarenrelation aufwiesen, war dies links bei jeweils 72,8 % der Patienten beider Gruppen der Fall. Zum Zeitpunkt T4 zeigten in der asymmetrischen Gruppe 68,3 % und in der symmetrischen Gruppe 81,9 % der Patienten rechts eine neutrale Molarenrelation, links war dies bei 68,2 % bzw. 72,7 % der Patienten der Fall. Bezüglich der Eckzahnrelation zeigte sich zum Zeitpunkt T1 in beiden Gruppen rechts, sowie in der symmetrischen Gruppe links bei ca. 80 % der Patienten eine distale Eckzahnrelation von mindestens 0,75 Pb. Über 90 % der Patienten der asymmetrischen Gruppe wiesen links eine neutrale Eckzahnrelation auf. Während sich zum Zeitpunkt T2 in beiden Gruppen eine durch Überkorrektur hervorgerufene mesiale Eckzahnrelation zeigte, wiesen zum Zeitpunkt T3 in beiden Gruppen jeweils ca. 50 % der Patienten rechts eine distale Eckzahnrelation von 0,25 Pb auf. Links zeigte sich ein deutlicher Unterschied zwischen den Gruppen. 90 % der Patienten der asymmetrischen Gruppe wiesen eine neutrale Eckzahnrelation auf, was bei nur ca. 35 % der Patienten der symmetrischen Gruppe der Fall war. Zum Zeitpunkt T4 zeigten über 45 % der Patienten beider Gruppen eine stabile Eckzahnrelation rechts. In ca. 50 % der Fälle kam es in beiden Gruppen jedoch zur Rezidivneigung nach distal. Links wiesen über 75 % der Patienten der asymmetrischen Gruppe eine neutrale Eckzahnrelation auf, was bei nur ca. 35 % der Patienten der symmetrischen Gruppe der Fall war. Die Variable Overjet zeigte zum Zeitpunkt T1 einen leichten Unterschied zwischen den beiden Gruppen (asym.: 6,3 mm; sym.: 8,0 mm; p &#8805; 0,05). Zum Zeitpunkt T2 war dies ebenfalls der Fall (asym.: -1,6 mm; sym.: 0,0 mm; p < 0,05), wohingegen zu den Zeitpunkten T3 (asym.: 2,7 mm; sym.: 2,3 mm) und T4 (asym.: 3,0 mm; sym.: 3,2 mm) kein Unterschied bestand. Die Mittellinienverschiebung nach rechts zeigte zum Zeitpunkt T1 einen signifikanten Unterschied zwischen den Gruppen (asym.: 1,7 mm; sym.: 0,3 mm; p < 0,001). Dieser konnte zu den Zeitpunkten T2 (asym.: 1,0 mm; sym.: 0,5 mm), T3 (asym.: 0,4 mm; sym.: 0,4 mm) sowie T4 (asym.: 0,6 mm; sym.: 0,3 mm) nicht beobachtet werden. Die Mittellinienverschiebung nach links zeigte zu keinem Zeitpunkt (T1 - asym.: 0,2 mm; sym.: 0,5 mm; T2 - asym.: 0,4 mm; sym.: 0,5 mm; T3 - asym.: 0,0 mm; sym.: 0,3 mm; T4 - asym.: 0,3 mm; sym.: 0,3 mm) einen Unterschied zwischen den Gruppen. Der Winkel zwischen Bipupillarlinie und Cheilionlinie wurde zum Zeitpunkt T1 bei 59 % der asymmetrischen und bei 76 % der symmetrischen bzw. zum Zeitpunkt T4 bei 65 % der asymmetrischen und bei 85 % der symmetrischen Patientengruppe als symmetrisch bewertet. Hinsichtlich des Winkels zwischen der Bipupillarlinie perpendicular und der Verbindungslinie Subnasale-Weichteilmenton wurde zum Zeitpunkt T1 bei 77 % der asymmetrischen und bei 67 % der symmetrischen bzw. zum Zeitpunkt T4 bei 85 % der asymmetrischen und bei 71 % der symmetrischen Patientengruppe eine Symmetrie ermittelt. Aufgrund der Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchung kann festgestellt werden, dass die Behandlung der asymmetrischen Distallage („Class-II-subdivision“) mit der Herbst-Apparatur ähnlich erfolgreich ist wie die Behandlung der symmetrischen Distallage. Das erzielte Therapieergebnis war zum Nachuntersuchungszeitpunkt stabil. Es zeigte sich bei den asymmetrischen Patienten jedoch eine leichte Tendenz der Molarenrelation zur mesialen Überkorrektur. Die Gesichtsasymmetrie wurde durch die asymmetrische Unterkiefervorverlagerung weder positiv noch negativ beeinflusst.The aim of this study was to assess the effectivity of Class II subdivision treatment with the Herbst appliance, as well as its short-term stability. 22 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria: all premolars and canines fully erupted, Class II subdivision malocclusion (molar relationship showing a right-left difference of at least 0.75 cusp widths), no asymmetric extractions or agenesis of permanent teeth, no craniofacial syndromes, follow-up period of at least 12 months, study models of designated time points. A symmetric group of 22 patients who fulfilled the same inclusion criteria - except for Class II subdivision malocclusion - was matched. Patients in this group showed a symmetric Class II malocclusion of comparable extent. Matching was based on the skeletal maturity and - if applicable - chronological start of treatment. On average Herbst appliance treatment lasted 8 months; the subsequent multibracket-phase amounted to 14 months on average. The mean follow-up period was 36 months. Study models from before Herbst appliance treatment (T1), immediately after Herbst appliance treatment (T2), immediately after multi-bracket appliance treatment (T3) and at least 12 months after the end of treatment (T4) were evaluated. In addition, en-face photographs from T1 and T4 were assessed. For statistical reasons, data modification (mirroring of values) was performed to have all study models of the SUB group exhibit the Class II relationship on the same side (“right” side). At T1, a Class II molar relationship of at least 0.75 cusp widths was seen in both groups on the right side as well as in the symmetric group on the left side. About 80% of the patients in the subdivision group had a Class I molar relationship on the left side. Due to overcorrection, both groups showed a Class III molar relationship on both sides at T2. At T3, 63.6% of the subdivision group and 77.3% of the symmetric group showed a Class I molar relationship on the right side, while 72.8% of both groups showed a Class I molar relationship on the left side. At T4, 68.3% of the subdivision group and 81.9% of the the symmetric group showed a Class I molar relationship on the right side while this was the case in 68.2% of the subdivision group and 72.7% of the symmetric group on the left side. A Class II canine relationship of at least 0.75 cusp widths existed in both groups on the right side as well as in about 80% of the symmetric group on the left side at T1. About 90% of the subdivision group showed a Class I canine relationship on the left side. At T2, both groups showed a Class III canine relationship due to over-correction. At T3, about 50% of both groups exhibited a Class II canine relationship of 0.25 cusp widths on the right side. Concerning, the left side, there was a clear difference between the groups. While 90% of the subdivision group showed a Class I canine relationship, this was only seen in about 35% of the symmetric group. At T4, more than 45% of both groups showed a stable Class I canine relationship on the right side while more than 75% of the subdivision group and 35% of the symmetric group showed a Class I canine relationship on the left side. The overjet showed a slight difference between the groups at T1 (SUB: 6.3 mm; SYM: 8.0 mm, P &#8805; 0.05) and T2 (SUB: -1.6 mm; SYM: 0.0 mm, p <0.05), whereas at T3 (SUB: 2.7 mm; SYM: 2.3 mm) and T4 (SUB: 3.0 mm; SYM: 3.2 mm) no difference was seen. The midline shift to the right showed a significant difference between the groups at T1 (SUB: 1.7 mm; SYM: 0.3 mm, p <0.001). However, at T2 (SUB: 1.0 mm; SYM: 0.5 mm), T3 (SUB: 0.4 mm; SYM: 0.4 mm) and T4 (asym: 0.6 mm; sym: 0.3 mm) no difference was seen. For the midline shift to the left left, no group difference was seen at any time (T1 - subdivision: 0.2 mm; symmetric: 0.5 mm; T2 - subdivision: 0.4 mm; symmetric: 0.5 mm; T3 - subdivision: 0.0 mm; symmetric: 0.3 mm; T4 - subdivision: 0.3 mm; symmetric: 0.3 mm). Cheilion line inclination was found to be symmetric in 59% of the subdivision and 76% of the symmetric patients at T1 and, respectively, 65% of the subdivision and 85% of the symmetric patients at T4. Chin position was found to be symmetric in 77% of the subdivision and 67% of the Symmetric patients at T1 and, respectively, 85% of the subdivision and 85% of the symmetric patients at T4. The results of this study showed that Herbst-Multibracket treatment of Class II subdivision malocclusions proved to similarly successful as treatment of symmetric Class II malocclusions. Good short-term stability of the achieved treatment outcome was observed. However, a slight tendency of Class III molar relationship overcorrection was found in subdivision patients. Asymmetric mandibular advancement affected facial asymmetry neither positively nor negatively

Inference in receiver operating characteristic surface analysis via a trinormal model‐based testing approach

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis is the methodological framework of choice for the assessment of diagnostic markers and classification procedures in general, in both two‐class and multiple‐class classification problems. We focus on the three‐class problem for which inference usually involves formal hypothesis testing using a proxy metric such as the volume under the ROC surface (VUS). In this article, we develop an existing approach from the two‐class ROC framework. We define a hypothesis‐testing procedure that directly compares two ROC surfaces under the assumption of the trinormal model. In the case of the assessment of a single marker, the corresponding ROC surface is compared with the chance plane, that is, to an uninformative marker. A simulation study investigating the proposed tests with existing ones on the basis of the VUS metric follows. Finally, the proposed methodology is applied to a dataset of a panel of pancreatic cancer diagnostic markers. The described testing procedures along with related graphical tools are supported in the corresponding R‐package trinROC, which we have developed for this purpose

Inference in receiver operating characteristic surface analysis via a trinormal model‐based testing approach

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis is the methodological framework of choice for the assessment of diagnostic markers and classification procedures in general, in both two‐class and multiple‐class classification problems. We focus on the three‐class problem for which inference usually involves formal hypothesis testing using a proxy metric such as the volume under the ROC surface (VUS). In this article, we develop an existing approach from the two‐class ROC framework. We define a hypothesis‐testing procedure that directly compares two ROC surfaces under the assumption of the trinormal model. In the case of the assessment of a single marker, the corresponding ROC surface is compared with the chance plane, that is, to an uninformative marker. A simulation study investigating the proposed tests with existing ones on the basis of the VUS metric follows. Finally, the proposed methodology is applied to a dataset of a panel of pancreatic cancer diagnostic markers. The described testing procedures along with related graphical tools are supported in the corresponding R‐package trinROC, which we have developed for this purpose

A geological 3D-model of Austria

GeoSphere Austria (formerly Geologische Bundesanstalt - Geological Survey of Austria) has produced a supra-regional 3D framework model called “3D AUSTRIA” providing a large-scale geological overview for professional geologists, students and the public. This model is intended to act as support for subsequent regional modelling projects as well as for educational and communicational purpose. The modelled domain of covers a rectangular area of 175 000 km² including the national borders of Austria, down to a depth to 60 km below sea level. Model units are defined following the nomenclature of Schmid et al. (2004) and Froitzheim et al. (2008), each unit having a specific paleo-geographic origin and tectono-metamorphic history. Seven modelling units are considered: two continental plates (1) the Adriatic Plate, (2) the Eurasian Plate, four units from the Alpine orogenic wedge (3) the South-Alpine Superunit, (4) the Austroalpine Superunit, (5) the Penninic Superunit, (6) the Sub-Penninic Superunit and (7) Neogene sedimentary basins in the foreland and within the Alps. Due to the large-scale character of the model, relatively small constituents of the Alpine Orogen are merged together (Meliata Superunit and Inner Western Carpathian Superunit with the Austroalpine Superunit, Helvetic Superunit and Allochtone Molasse with the Sup-Penninic Superunit, intrusive rocks along the Periadriatic Fault with their host unit, minor Neogene basins with the Austroalpine Superunit). The model geometry is constrained by the geological map of Austria 1:1.5M (Schuster et al., 2019), (2) 24 published cross sections and (3) published contour maps for the Moho discontinuity (Ziegler & Dèzes, 2006) and the large Neogene basins. It has been generated with the SKUA-GOCAD software suite following the workflow of Pfleiderer et al. (2016). The framework model 3D AUSTRIA can be visualized with the web 3D Viewer of Geosphere Austria (https://gis.geosphere.at/portal/home/webscene/viewer.html?webscene=c11cd25795294ba8b6f276ab2d072afb) or downloaded from the Tethys Research Data Repository (https://doi.tethys.at/10.24341/tethys.184) allowing the generation of a physical multi-part model using 3D printing technology. It provides a unique way to comprehend the fundamentally 3D nature of sedimentary and tectonic features, like the unconformity at the base of Neogene sedimentary basins, the Alpine frontal thrust or the Tauern Window. The data acquired in the framework of the AlpArray project can be used in future for refining the geometry of 3D AUSTRIA

Inference on the symmetry point-based optimal cut-off point and associated sensitivity and specificity with application to SARS-CoV-2 antibody data

Acknowledgments. This work was supported by grants PID2019-104681RB-I00. Data courtesy of Dr Konstantina Kontopoulou.In the presence of a continuous response test/biomarker, it is often necessary to identify a cut-off point value to aid binary classification between diseased and non-diseased subjects. The symmetry-point approach which maximizes simultaneously both types of correct classification is one way to determine an optimal cut-off point. In this article, we study methods for constructing confidence intervals independently for the symmetry point and its corresponding sensitivity, as well as respective joint nonparametric confidence regions. We illustrate using data on the generation of antibodies elicited two weeks post-injection after the second dose of the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine in adult healthcare workers

Automatic discovery of photoisomerization mechanisms with nanosecond machine learning photodynamics simulations

Photochemical reactions are widely used by academic and industrial researchers to construct complex molecular architectures via mechanisms that often require harsh reaction conditions. Photodynamics simulations provide time-resolved snapshots of molecular excited-state structures required to understand and predict reactivities and chemoselectivities. Molecular excited-states are often nearly degenerate and require computationally intensive multiconfigurational quantum mechanical methods, especially at conical intersections. Non-adiabatic molecular dynamics require thousands of these computations per trajectory, which limits simulations to ∼1 picosecond for most organic photochemical reactions. Westermayr et al. recently introduced a neural-network-based method to accelerate the predictions of electronic properties and pushed the simulation limit to 1 ns for the model system, methylenimmonium cation (CH$_{2}$NH$_{2}$$^{+}$). We have adapted this methodology to develop the Python-based, Python Rapid Artificial Intelligence Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics (PyRAI$^{2}$MD) software for the cis–trans isomerization of trans-hexafluoro-2-butene and the 4π-electrocyclic ring-closing of a norbornyl hexacyclodiene. We performed a 10 ns simulation for trans-hexafluoro-2-butene in just 2 days. The same simulation would take approximately 58 years with traditional multiconfigurational photodynamics simulations. We generated training data by combining Wigner sampling, geometrical interpolations, and short-time quantum chemical trajectories to adaptively sample sparse data regions along reaction coordinates. The final data set of the cis–trans isomerization and the 4π-electrocyclic ring-closing model has 6207 and 6267 data points, respectively. The training errors in energy using feedforward neural networks achieved chemical accuracy (0.023–0.032 eV). The neural network photodynamics simulations of trans-hexafluoro-2-butene agree with the quantum chemical calculations showing the formation of the cis-product and reactive carbene intermediate. The neural network trajectories of the norbornyl cyclohexadiene corroborate the low-yielding syn-product, which was absent in the quantum chemical trajectories, and revealed subsequent thermal reactions in 1 ns

Percutaneous CT fluoroscopy-guided core biopsy of pancreatic lesions: technical and clinical outcome of 104 procedures during a 10-year period

Background: In unclear pancreatic lesions, a tissue sample can confirm or exclude the suspected diagnosis and help to provide an optimal treatment strategy to each patient. To date only one small study reported on the outcome of computed tomography (CT) fluoroscopy-guided biopsies of the pancreas. Purpose: To evaluate technical success and diagnostic rate of all CT fluoroscopy-guided core biopsies of the pancreas performed in a single university center during a 10-year period. Material and Methods: In this retrospective study we included all patients who underwent a CT fluoroscopy-guided biopsy of a pancreatic mass at our comprehensive cancer center between 2005 and 2014. All interventions were performed under local anesthesia on a 16-row or 128-row CT scanner. Technical success and diagnostic rates as well as complications and effective patient radiation dose were analyzed. Results: One hundred and one patients (54 women;mean age, 63.912.6 years) underwent a total of 104 CT fluoroscopy-guided biopsies of the pancreas. Ninety-eight of 104 interventions (94.2%) could be performed with technical success and at least one tissue sample could be obtained. In 88 of these 98 samples, a definitive pathological diagnosis, consistent with clinical success could be achieved (89.8%). Overall 19 minor and three major complications occurred during the intra- or 30-day post-interventional period and all other interventions could be performed without complications;there was no death attributable to the intervention. Conclusion: CT fluoroscopy-guided biopsy of pancreatic lesions is an effective procedure characterized by a low major complication and a high diagnostic rate

Baker Center Journal of Applied Public Policy - Vol. IV, No. I

This is the 4th volume of the Baker Center Journal on Applied Public Policy. It includes articles on nuclear nonproliferation, American political development, election issues, Tennessee state trial courts, attitudes related to rich and poor people, and two student articles on science, innovation, technology and economic growth and explosive trace detection at airports