Caracterización socio productiva y ambiental en la Comunidad de San Joaquín, Municipio El Tuma La Dalia II semestre 2015

El estudio caracterización socio productivo y ambiental en la comunidad San Joaquín Municipio El Tuma – La Dalia Matagalpa 2015 – 2016 se tomó en cuenta los siguientes objetivos. Analizar las características sociales, productivas y ambientales de la comunidad San Joaquín. La población sujeta de estudio fue 65 productores, la técnica de investigación una encuesta. Para el procesamiento de los datos se realizó una base datos en el programa spss versión 5, determinando porcentaje y frecuencia de los indicadores y para los gráficos el programa Excel, Se determinaron los siguientes resultados: Entre los productores encuestados el sexo que sobresale es el masculino, la edad más avanzada es de 79 años, el 79% tiene un nivel académico de primaria, su situación financiera es regular, cuentan con escuela de primaria y no existe ningún centro de salud. La principal actividad agrícola es la producción de granos básico (Arroz, maíz, frijol) con un rendimiento de 96,900 kg maíz, 88,000 kg frijol y 7,400 kg arroz, en cuanto a lo pecuario la producción de aves de patio con 655 y las dificultades encontradas son los bajos recursos económicos y los altos costos de insumos.La contaminación de las fuentes de agua se da por el uso de agroquímicos, no se le da manejo adecuado a las aguas mieles y la mayoría de los productores no practican ninguna obra de conservación de suelo en sus unidades productivas. Palabras claves: socio, productivo, ambiental, productores, comunida

Do Reef Fish Habituate to Diver Presence? Evidence from Two Reef Sites with Contrasting Historical Levels of SCUBA Intensity in the Bay Islands, Honduras

<div><p>Contact between humans and the marine environment is increasing, but the capacity of communities to adapt to human presence remains largely unknown. The popularization of SCUBA diving has added a new dimension to human impacts in aquatic systems and, although individual-level impacts have been identified, cumulative effects on ecosystem function and community-wide responses are unclear. In principle, habituation may mitigate the consequences of human presence on the biology of an individual and allow the quick resumption of its ecological roles, but this has not been documented in aquatic systems. Here, we investigate the short-term impact of human presence and the long-term habituation potential of reef-fish communities to recreational SCUBA divers by studying symbiotic cleaning interactions on coral reefs with differing levels of historical contact with divers. We show that incidences of human contact result in a smaller decline in ecosystem function and more rapid resumption of baseline services on a reef in Utila, Honduras that has heavy historical levels of SCUBA diver presence, compared to an un-dived reef site in the Cayos Cochinos Marine Protected Area (CCMPA). Nonetheless, despite the generally smaller change in ecosystem function and decades of regular contact with divers, cleaning behavior is suppressed by >50% at Utila when divers are present. We hypothesize that community-wide habituation of reef fish is not fully achievable and may be biologically restricted to only partial habituation. Differential responses to human presence impacts the interpretation and execution of behavioral research where SCUBA is the predominant means of data collection, and provides an important rationale for future research investigating the interplay between human presence, ecosystem function, and community structure on coral reefs.</p></div

Mean length of time (min) from camera deployment to first successfully completed cleaning interaction at Cayos Cochinos Marine Protected Area (CCMPA, un-dived reef), and Utila (heavily dived reef) with passive ambient SCUBA diver presence and SCUBA diver absence.

<p>Ambient diver presence is here defined as SCUBA divers in the water during video observations, at least 10m distant from the observed anemone station, with bubbles are audible on video footage.</p

Coral reef fish community composition at study sites in the Cayos Cochinos Marine Protected area (CCMPA, white bars) and Utila (gray bars).

<p>Data presented represent the total proportion of fish abundance (means ± 1 SE) at the family level.</p

Variation in fish client diversity (family) observed during cleaning interactions.

<p>A) direct diver observatons and B) video observations at Cayos Cochinos Marine Protected area (CCMPA, white bars) and Utila (gray bars).</p

Rates of cleaning interactions (number of cleans 20min^-1) between <i>Ancylomenes pedersoni</i> and their client fish across a gradient of diver presence treatments at Cayos Cochinos Marine Protected Area (CCMPA, un-dived reef) and Utila (heavily dived reef).

<p>Data show mean values ± standard error, where <i>n</i> refers to the number of independent anemone cleaning stations observed for each treatment (<i>n</i> ≥ 13). Cleaning rate is defined as the frequency of successfully completed cleaning interactions between shrimps and client fish species over a given time period.</p