Conserved natural IgM antibodies mediate innate and adaptive immunity against the opportunistic fungus Pneumocystis murina

Natural IgM antibodies in diverse species recognize conserved carbohydrates in fungal cell walls and influence early host defense against Pneumocystis in mice

A novel family of diversified immunoregulatory receptors in teleosts is homologous to both mammalian Fc receptors and molecules encoded within the leukocyte receptor complex

Three novel and closely related leukocyte immune-type receptors (IpLITR) have been identified in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). These receptors belong to a large polymorphic and polygenic subset of the Ig superfamily with members located on at least three independently segregating loci. Like mammalian and avian innate immune regulatory receptors, IpLITRs have both putative inhibitory and stimulatory forms, with multiple types coexpressed in various lymphoid tissues and clonal leukocyte cell lines. IpLITRs have an unusual and novel relationship to mammalian and avian innate immune receptors: the membrane distal Ig domains of an individual IpLITR are related to fragment crystallizable receptors (FcRs) and FcR-like proteins, whereas the membrane proximal Ig domains are related to several leukocyte receptor complex encoded receptors. This unique composition of Ig domains within individual receptors supports the hypothesis that functionally and genomically distinct immune receptor families found in tetrapods may have evolved from such ancestral genes by duplication and recombination events. Furthermore, the discovery of a large heterogeneous family of immunoregulatory receptors in teleosts, reminiscent of amphibian, avian, and mammalian Ig-like receptors, suggests that complex innate immune receptor networks have been conserved during vertebrate evolution. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: Supplementary material is available for this article at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00251-006-0134-1 and is accessible for authorized users

Att uppnå förtroende inom digital media : En kvalitativ studie om framgångsfaktorer för trovärdighet i reklamfilm

Digital media productions today, specifically commercials, are often designed to address and appeal to its audience in numerous ways, one important aspect being credibility. This study aims to locate the most essential parts of how to create credible moving image productions and how to establish trust amongst its viewers. Previous research shows that areas such as storytelling, representation and technology are important to create reliability in a media production. Three qualitative semi structured interviews, along with two focus groups consisting of five respondents each, were carried out to gather the data needed. The data was coded, concluded, analyzed and discussed to find the most vital elements in establishing trust. Six main topics were found and narrowed down to three areas which were concluded to create credibility. The six topics are honesty, message, recognition, audio and depiction, continuity and characters. These are summarized as narrative, representation and technical aspects. When these areas are considered and acted upon, credibility and trust amongst viewers can be successfully created

Att uppnå förtroende inom digital media : En kvalitativ studie om framgångsfaktorer för trovärdighet i reklamfilm

Digital media productions today, specifically commercials, are often designed to address and appeal to its audience in numerous ways, one important aspect being credibility. This study aims to locate the most essential parts of how to create credible moving image productions and how to establish trust amongst its viewers. Previous research shows that areas such as storytelling, representation and technology are important to create reliability in a media production. Three qualitative semi structured interviews, along with two focus groups consisting of five respondents each, were carried out to gather the data needed. The data was coded, concluded, analyzed and discussed to find the most vital elements in establishing trust. Six main topics were found and narrowed down to three areas which were concluded to create credibility. The six topics are honesty, message, recognition, audio and depiction, continuity and characters. These are summarized as narrative, representation and technical aspects. When these areas are considered and acted upon, credibility and trust amongst viewers can be successfully created

Interferons and interferon receptors in the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus

International audienceIn this work, we describe the complete repertoire of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, IFNs and IFN receptor genes. Based on multiple genomic and transcriptomic resources we identified 16 type I IFN genes, which represent the six type I IFN subgroups previously defined in salmonids (a-f.) No representatives of subgroup h previously only found in percomorphs were identified. An expansion in copy numbers of subgroup d IFN genes was of particular interest, as this has not been reported in other fish species to date. Furthermore, we confirmed the presence of two type II ifn genes encoding orthologs of IFNγ and the teleost-specific IFNγRel. Six homologs of IFN type I receptor genes were found in an array that shows conserved synteny with human chromosome 21. Three homologs of type II IFN receptor genes were also identified. These type I and type II receptor sequences are compatible with the dual type I IFN receptors, and the potentially more complex type II IFN receptors described in teleosts. Our data provide a comprehensive resource for future studies of channel catfish innate antiviral immunity