Profilo aromatico e caratterizzazione degli acidi amari di cinque cultivar di luppolo sano ed infetto da virus e viroidi.

Riassunto Analitico L’oggetto della ricerca di questa tesi sperimentale è stato quello di valutare il profilo aromatico e la caratterizzazione degli acidi amari di cinque cultivar di luppolo sano ed infetto da virus e viroidi. Lo studio si è focalizzato su cinque diverse cultivar di luppolo: Sybilla, Lubelski, Pulawski, Magnat e Marynka, coltivate e raccolte nella regione Lubelskie in Polonia nel 2015-2016. Dato che ciascuna di tali cultivar può subire l’attacco da parte del virus del mosaico del luppolo, del mosaico della mela e del viroide latente del luppolo, lo studio si è concentrato nella ricerca di eventuali differenze chimiche tra le cultivar di luppolo sano ed infetto. La prima parte della tesi è stata svolta in Polonia presso lo IUNG- Istituto delle Scienze del Suolo e della Coltivazione delle Piante (Istituto di ricerca statale dal 1950) sito in Pulawy (Polonia) usufruendo, per tre mesi, del progetto bilaterale “Erasmus Traineeship” durante il quale sono stati analizzati gli acidi amari,(α-acidi e β-acidi) mediante HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) successivamente le resine totali, soft resins e hard resins nonché la conduttanza degli α-acidi applicando il metodo Wöllmer. La seconda parte della tesi è stata sviluppata presso il Dipartimento di Farmacia dell’Università di Pisa nel laboratorio di Biologia Farmaceutica dove è stata studiata la composizione degli olii essenziali, ottenuti per idrodistillazione, mediante la tecnica GC-MS (gas-cromatografia accoppiata alla spettrometria di massa); inoltre le indagini sulla frazione volatile sono state condotte utilizzando la tecnica della Head-Space Solid Phase Micro-Extraction (HS-SPME) abbinata alla GC-MS. Dallo studio effettuato non sono state evidenziate differenze significative tra le cinque cultivar di luppolo sano ed infetto sia per quanto riguarda gli acidi amari, sia per le resine totali (soft resins e hard resins) sia nella composizione degli olii essenziali e dell frazione volatile. Pertanto la virosi sembra non interferire con la biosintesi dei metaboliti secondari del luppolo utili nel processo di birrificazione

Essential oils and volatile emission of eight South African species of Helichrysum grown in uniform environmental conditions

Abstract This paper reported for the first time the aroma profile and essential oil composition of eight species of Helichrysum endemic in South Africa but grown in Italy (CREA-Sanremo collection). The volatiles of all the studied Helichrysum were dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons, except for H. basalticum, where sesquiterpene hydrocarbons was the main class of compounds with β-caryophyllene (13.7%) and α-guaiene (11.9%) as major components. Despite the great diversity of compounds obtained in the volatile emission (more than 130), only four compounds were responsible for at least 34% of the identified fraction. These compounds were: sabinene (16.0%), β-caryophyllene and α-guaiene in H. basalticum; sabinene (57.7%) in H. foetidum; (Z)-β-ocimene (34.6%), tricyclene (16.2%) and myrcene (10.0%) in H. incanatum; myrcene (29.3%), tricyclene (21.5%) and limonene in H. indicum; tricyclene (32.1%) and (E)-3-hexanol acetate (20.1%) in H. montanum; limonene (10.3%), sabinene (8.9%), 1-decene (7.6%) and 1-hexanol (7.0%) in H. mutabile; α- and β-pinene in H. patulum (27.6% and 44.9%, respectively) and α-pinene (36.3%) and α-fanchene(15.6%) in H. setosum. The EOs composition of these species was also different from each other with sesquiterpene compounds as the prevalent class. Valerianol (16.3%, os, in H. basalticum), ledol (16.3%, os, in H. foetidum), β-caryophyllene (11.0% and 13.4%, sh, in H. indicum and H. patulum, respectively), viridiflorol (18.3%, os, in H. montanum) and valerianol (30.1%, os in H. setosum) were found to be the main constituents. It is worthy to highlighting that the H. incarnatum EO showed a similar behaviour to that of the spontaneous emission with a predominance of monoterpene hydrocarbons (60.7% in EO vs 81.4% in VOC), both represented by (Z)-β-ocimene as main constituent

Coupling of electron and vibrational spectroscopy with false colour imaging for the investigation of natural dyes in historical fabrics (15th-18th centuries)

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The use of a new automatic device for patients' assessment at Triage in Emergency Department

Objectives: To assess time saving in an Emergency Department arising out of the introduction of automatic devices (Carescape™ V100) to measure vital signs compared to the manual devices. Methods: We performed a prospective, observational study of eligible patients referring to Sant'Andrea Hospital Emergency Department during the entire month of October 2009, randomly assigned into two groups. In the first group of 476 patients vital signs measurements were detected with manual devices, while in the second group of 477 patients with automatic device Carescape™ V100. Results: Data indicated that the comparison of the total time between the two groups gave a significant difference (1993 vs 1518 min, p < 0.001). No differences were found with respect to age, sex and priority codes. Significant differences were also found when comparing the subgroups of the same acuity categories: white codes 4.33 vs 2.27 (min), p < 0.05; green codes 4.28 vs 3.37 (min), p < 0.001; yellow codes 3.92 vs 2.72 (min), p < 0.001. Conclusions: Our data demonstrated a statistical significance between the two groups with a difference of 475 minutes spent in Triage procedures including vital signs measurements. In conclusion time saved by vital signs automatic device could allow ED physicians to make a qualified approach with an earlier diagnosis and a more rapid and effective therapy, possibly improving patients' outcomes. ABSTRACT of data concerning vital signs quality assessment, because we did not compare the two methods in the same patient and we did not correlate Triage priority evaluation with patients' outcomes. In the future further studies should be specifically aimed to address this issue. In conclusion time saved by vital signs automatic device could allow ED physicians to make a qualified approach to patient with an earlier diagnosis and a more rapid and effective therapy, possibly improving patients' outcomes

La percezione fisica di sé negli scolari adolescenti: Ruolo della costituzione fisica e del livello di attività fisica

Physical self-perception depends on body weight, gender, but also to physical exercise. It is not well understood, however, whether the effects of the latter can be attributed to the level of physical activity or to the resulting physical fitness. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of both physicalactivity level and physical fitness on the physical self-perception and its relationship with gender and body weight in adolescent pupils. The fitness level of 188 adolescents aged 12-16 years old was assessed through a test battery, while the “Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents” and the “Physical Self-Description Questionnaire Short” were administered to assess physical activity level and physical self-perception, respectively. The effects of gender and body weight on physical self-perception was evaluated using the analysis of variance with physical activity level and physical fitness as covariates. Results showed that overweight reduces the overall physical self-perception.Furthermore, the physical self-perception is generally higher in males than in females even without differences in either physical activity level or physical fitness.La percezione di sé è influenzata dalla costituzione corporea, dal sesso, e dall’esercizio fisico. Non è chiaro, però, se gli effetti dell’esercizio derivino dal livello di attività fisica praticata o dal miglioramento delle capacità fisiche che esso determina. Pertanto questo studio ha indagato l’effetto, sia del livello di attività fisica che delle capacità fisiche sulla percezione fisica di sé, in funzione del sesso e della costituzione corporea, in studenti adolescenti. Il livello generale delle capacità fisiche di 188 adolescenti tra i 12 ed i 16 anni è stato valutato tramite una batteria di test motori, il livello di attività fisica è stato misurato con il questionario Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents, mentre la percezione fisica di sé è stata valutata con il questionario Physical Self-Description Questionnaire Short. L’effetto del sesso e della costituzione fisica sono stati indagati tramite analisi della varianza considerando come covariate il livello di attività fisica e le capacità fisiche. I risultati evidenziano che essere in sovrappeso diminuisce la considerazione fisica generale di sé. Inoltre, la percezione di sé dei maschi è generalmente più alta delle femmine anche se questa non corrisponde a più elevate capacità fisiche o ad un maggior livello di attività fisica

Phenotypic and functional features of human Th17 cells

T helper (Th) 17 cells represent a novel subset of CD4+ T cells that are protective against extracellular microbes, but are responsible for autoimmune disorders in mice. However, their properties in humans are only partially known. We demonstrate the presence of Th17 cells, some of which produce both interleukin (IL)-17 and interferon (IFN)-γ (Th17/Th1), in the gut of patients with Crohn's disease. Both Th17 and Th17/Th1 clones showed selective expression of IL-23R, CCR6, and the transcription factor RORγt, and they exhibited similar functional features, such as the ability to help B cells, low cytotoxicity, and poor susceptibility to regulation by autologous regulatory T cells. Interestingly, these subsets also expressed the Th1-transcription factor T-bet, and stimulation of these cells in the presence of IL-12 down-regulated the expression of RORγt and the production of IL-17, but induced IFN-γ. These effects were partially inhibited in presence of IL-23. Similar receptor expression and functional capabilities were observed in freshly derived IL-17–producing peripheral blood and tonsillar CD4+ T cells. The demonstration of selective markers for human Th17 cells may help us to understand their pathogenic role. Moreover, the identification of a subset of cells sharing features of both Th1 and Th17, which can arise from the modulation of Th17 cells by IL-12, may raise new issues concerning developmental and/or functional relationships between Th17 and Th1

Non-Occlusive Mesenteric Ischemia in Children With Diabetic Ketoacidosis: Case Report and Review of Literature

IntroductionDespite the use of technology, recurrent diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) prevention remains an unmet need in children and adolescents with T1D and may be accompanied by life-threatening acute complications. We present a rare case of non-occlusive mesenteric ischemia (NOMI) with overt manifestation after DKA resolution and a discussion of recent literature addressing DKA-associated NOMI epidemiology and pathogenesis in children and adolescents.Case PresentationA 13-year-old female with previously diagnosed T1D, was admitted at our emergency department with hypovolemic shock, DKA, hyperosmolar state and acute kidney injury (AKI). Mildly progressive abdominal pain persisted after DKA correction and after repeated ultrasound evaluations ultimately suspect for intestinal perforation, an intraoperative diagnosis of NOMI was made.ConclusionThe diagnosis of DKA-associated NOMI must be suspected in pediatric patients with DKA, persistent abdominal pain, and severe dehydration even after DKA resolution

Evidence of the association of BIN1 and PICALM with the AD risk in contrasting European populations

Recent genome-wide association studies have identified five loci (BIN1, CLU, CR1, EXOC3L2 and PICALM) as genetic determinants of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We attempted to confirm the association between these genes and the AD risk in three contrasting European populations (from Finland, Italy and Spain). Since CLU and CR1 had already been analyzed in these populations, we restricted our investigation to BIN1, EXO2CL3 and PICALM. In a total of 2,816 AD cases and 2,706 controls, we unambiguously replicated the association of rs744373 (for BIN1) and rs541458 (for PICALM) polymorphisms with the AD risk (OR=1.26, 95% CI [1.15-1.38], p=2.9x10-7, and OR=0.80, 95% CI [0.74-0.88], p=4.6x10-7, respectively). In a meta-analysis, rs597668 (EXOC3L2) was also associated with the AD risk, albeit to a lesser extent (OR=1.19, 95% CI [1.06-1.32], p=2.0x10-3). However, this signal did not appear to be independent of APOE. In conclusion, we confirmed that BIN1 and PICALM are genetic determinants of AD, whereas the potential involvement of EXOC3L2 requires further investigation

An explainable model of host genetic interactions linked to COVID-19 severity

We employed a multifaceted computational strategy to identify the genetic factors contributing to increased risk of severe COVID-19 infection from a Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) dataset of a cohort of 2000 Italian patients. We coupled a stratified k-fold screening, to rank variants more associated with severity, with the training of multiple supervised classifiers, to predict severity based on screened features. Feature importance analysis from tree-based models allowed us to identify 16 variants with the highest support which, together with age and gender covariates, were found to be most predictive of COVID-19 severity. When tested on a follow-up cohort, our ensemble of models predicted severity with high accuracy (ACC = 81.88%; AUCROC = 96%; MCC = 61.55%). Our model recapitulated a vast literature of emerging molecular mechanisms and genetic factors linked to COVID-19 response and extends previous landmark Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS). It revealed a network of interplaying genetic signatures converging on established immune system and inflammatory processes linked to viral infection response. It also identified additional processes cross-talking with immune pathways, such as GPCR signaling, which might offer additional opportunities for therapeutic intervention and patient stratification. Publicly available PheWAS datasets revealed that several variants were significantly associated with phenotypic traits such as "Respiratory or thoracic disease", supporting their link with COVID-19 severity outcome.A multifaceted computational strategy identifies 16 genetic variants contributing to increased risk of severe COVID-19 infection from a Whole Exome Sequencing dataset of a cohort of Italian patients

Carriers of ADAMTS13 Rare Variants Are at High Risk of Life-Threatening COVID-19

Thrombosis of small and large vessels is reported as a key player in COVID-19 severity. However, host genetic determinants of this susceptibility are still unclear. Congenital Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura is a severe autosomal recessive disorder characterized by uncleaved ultra-large vWF and thrombotic microangiopathy, frequently triggered by infections. Carriers are reported to be asymptomatic. Exome analysis of about 3000 SARS-CoV-2 infected subjects of different severities, belonging to the GEN-COVID cohort, revealed the specific role of vWF cleaving enzyme ADAMTS13 (A disintegrin-like and metalloprotease with thrombospondin type 1 motif, 13). We report here that ultra-rare variants in a heterozygous state lead to a rare form of COVID-19 characterized by hyper-inflammation signs, which segregates in families as an autosomal dominant disorder conditioned by SARS-CoV-2 infection, sex, and age. This has clinical relevance due to the availability of drugs such as Caplacizumab, which inhibits vWF-platelet interaction, and Crizanlizumab, which, by inhibiting P-selectin binding to its ligands, prevents leukocyte recruitment and platelet aggregation at the site of vascular damage