A economia entre crises: economia política e finanças na Universidade de Buenos Aires (1870-1900)

This article analyzes the inaugural period of teaching economics in Argentina, examining material linked to the chairs of political economy and finance created around the time of the institution of the legal career at the University of Buenos Aires. The time period under study is defined by the economic crises of 1873-1875 and 1890, since these critical phases are generally held to be responsible for creating the demand for specialized knowledge, which in turn contributed to the institutionalization and legitimization of these specialities. Analyzing the type of economics taught at the Faculty leads into a study of how works produced in other national contexts were absorbed and deployed in Argentina as legitimizing points of reference. The text argues that although economic liberalism was widely accepted as a model in Argentina at the end of the 19th century, the reception of the period's canonical works - especially those produced by the French liberal school - was a creative process that served to validate opinions frequently very different from those maintained by the French authors themselves.Este artigo analisa os momentos iniciais do ensino de economia na Argentina, a partir de um exame dos materiais ligados às cátedras de economia política e de finanças, que se constituíram por ocasião do surgimento da carreira de direito na Universidade de Buenos Aires. O recorte temporal diz respeito ao período definido pelas crises econômicas de 1873-1875 e a de 1890, já que tais conjunturas críticas são consideradas o elemento criador de uma demanda por saberes especializados, o que, por sua vez, contribui com a institucionalização e a legitimação desses saberes. Analisar o tipo de economia que se ensinava na Faculdade leva ao estudo da recepção de trabalhos produzidos em outros contextos nacionais e que foram, na Argentina, utilizados como referência legitimadora. Argumenta-se que, embora na Argentina de fins do século XIX o liberalismo econômico possa ser entendido como parâmetro de autoridade amplamente aceito, a recepção das obras canônicas da época, especialmente no caso daquelas provenientes da escola liberal francesa, foi um processo criativo que serviu para validar opiniões muitas vezes diversas em relação àquelas que os próprios autores franceses sustentavam

Los psicoanalistas y la crisis, la crisis del psicoanálisis

La difusión de la vertiente "lacaniana" del psicoanálisis y su relativa masificación fuera de Francia ha sido un fenómeno fundamentalmente latinoamericano y, en particular, argentino. Mientras en países como Inglaterra o los Estados Unidos la recepción de las teorías de Lacan se ha dado sobre todo en ámbitos académicos (departamentos universitarios de literatura comparada), en la Argentina, donde surgió hacia fines de los años 60 se ha convertido, a partir de la década de 1980, en la versión ..

Entre el bufete y el laboratorio: Paul Groussac y José Ingenieros en una polémica de 1903

A partir del análisis de un suceso en apariencia menor: una polémica mantenida en 1903 por el entonces joven médico José Ingenieros con el director de la Biblioteca Nacional, Paul Groussac, acerca del uso del término "psiquiatra", el artículo detecta y analiza procesos más amplios de renovación de la vida intelectual en la Argentina de entresiglos. Se toma este episodio como un "momento fuerte" que permita, en palabras de Carlo Ginzburg, "analizar entramados de tendencias históricas profundas".A partir del análisis de un suceso en apariencia menor: una polémica mantenida en 1903 por el entonces joven médico José Ingenieros con el director de la Biblioteca Nacional, Paul Groussac, acerca del uso del término “psiquiatra”, el artículo detecta y analiza procesos más amplios de renovación de la vida intelectual en la Argentina de entresiglos. Se toma este episodio como un “momento fuerte” que permita, en palabras de Carlo Ginzburg, “analizar entramados de tendencias históricas profundas”.Fil: Bruno, Paula Graciela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Instituto de Historia Argentina y Americana "Dr. Emilio Ravignani". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras. Instituto de Historia Argentina y Americana "Dr. Emilio Ravignani"; ArgentinaFil: Plotkin, Mariano. Instituto de Desarrollo Económico y Social; Argentin

Publicaciones especializadas y liberalismo periférico. Notas sobre la transmisión de ideas económicas en Argentina, 1870-1890

This article —part of a larger project on the creation of «knowledge of state» in Argentina between the late nineteenth and 1930—, analyzes a series of publications that operated as «transmission belts» of economic knowledge and, more generally, of concepts tied to liberalism during the last decades of the n.ineteenth century in Argentina. What we want to reconstruct is the double process through which knowledge about the economy leads to an «expert discourse» socially recognized as such and, at the same time, certain ideas related to economy and society came to shape what could defined as an —always evolving— «social common sense».Este artículo —parte de un proyecto mayor sobre la conformación de «saberes de Estado» en la Argentina entre finales del siglo XIX y 1930—, se plantea como objetivo analizar una serie de publicaciones que operaron como «correas de transmisión» de saber económico y, en términos más generales, de concepciones vinculadas al liberalismo durante las últimas décadas del siglo XIX. Lo que pretendemos reconstruir es el doble proceso a partir del cual el saber sobre la economía da lugar a un «discurso experto» reconocido socialmente como tal y, al mismo tiempo, ciertas ideas vinculadas a la economía y a la sociedad llegaron a conformar lo que podría definirse como un —siempre cambiante— «sentido común social»

Parathyroid hormone receptor signaling induces bone resorption in the adult skeleton by directly regulating the RANKL gene in osteocytes

PTH upregulates the expression of the receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (Rankl) in cells of the osteoblastic lineage, but the precise differentiation stage of the PTH target cell responsible for RANKL-mediated stimulation of bone resorption remains undefined. We report that constitutive activation of PTH receptor signaling only in osteocytes in transgenic mice (DMP1-caPTHR1) was sufficient to increase Rankl expression and bone resorption. Resorption in DMP1-caPTHR1 mice crossed with mice lacking the distal control region regulated by PTH in the Rankl gene (DCR(-/-)) was similar to DMP1-caPTHR1 mice at 1 month of age, but progressively declined to reach values undistinguishable from wild-type (WT) mice at 5 months of age. Moreover, DMP1-caPTHR1 mice exhibited low tissue material density and increased serum alkaline phosphatase activity at 5 month of age, and these indices of high remodeling were partially and totally corrected in compound DMP1-caPTHR1;DCR(-/-) male mice, and less affected in female mice. Rankl expression in bones from DMP1-caPTHR1 mice was elevated at both 1 and 5 months of age, whereas it was high, similar to DMP1-caPTHR1 mice at 1 month, but low, similar to WT levels at 5 months in compound mice. Moreover, PTH increased Rankl and decreased Sost and Opg expression in ex vivo bone organ cultures established from WT mice, but only regulated Sost and Opg expression in cultures from DCR(-/-) mice. PTH also increased RANKL expression in osteocyte-containing primary cultures of calvarial cells, in isolated murine osteocytes, and in WT but not in DCR(-/-) osteocyte-enriched bones. Thus, PTH upregulates Rankl expression in osteocytes in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo, and resorption induced by PTH receptor signaling in the adult skeleton requires direct regulation of the Rankl gene in osteocytes.We thank Dr. Keith Condon and Ms. Naomie Olivos for technical assistance and Dr Munro Peacock for measurement of alkaline phosphatase. This research was supported by the National Institutes of Health (R01DK076007 and American Recovery and Reinvestment Act supplement S10-RR023710 to T.B.) and the Veterans Administration (Merit Review I01BX002104 to T.B.). Disclosure Summary: The authors declare that no conflict of interest exists

Influx of Calcium through L-type Calcium Channels in Early Postnatal Regulation of Chloride Transporters in the Rat Hippocampus

During the early postnatal period, GABAB receptor activation facilitates L-type calcium current in rat hippocampus. One developmental process that L-type current may regulate is the change in expression of the K+Cl− co-transporter (KCC2) and N+K+2Cl− co-transporter (NKCC1), which are involved in the maturation of the GABAergic system. The present study investigated the connection between L-type current, GABAB receptors, and expression of chloride transporters during development. The facilitation of L-type current by GABAB receptors is more prominent in the second week of development, with the highest percentage of cells exhibiting facilitation in cultures isolated from 7 day old rats (37.5%). The protein levels of KCC2 and NKCC1 were investigated to determine the developmental timecourse of expression as well as expression following treatment with an L-type channel antagonist and a GABAB receptor agonist. The time course of both chloride transporters in culture mimics that seen in hippocampal tissue isolated from various ages. KCC2 levels increased drastically in the first two postnatal weeks while NKCC1 remained relatively stable, suggesting that the ratio of the chloride transporters is important in mediating the developmental change in chloride reversal potential. Treatment of cultures with the L-type antagonist nimodipine did not affect protein levels of NKCC1, but significantly decreased the upregulation of KCC2 during the first postnatal week. In addition, calcium current facilitation occurs slightly before the large increase in KCC2 expression. These results suggest that the expression of KCC2 is regulated by calcium influx through L-type channels in the early postnatal period in hippocampal neurons

Decreased Immunoreactivities and Functions of the Chloride Transporters, KCC2 and NKCC1, in the Lateral Superior Olive Neurons of Circling Mice

Objectives. We tested the possibility of differential expression and function of the potassium-chloride (KCC2) and sodium-potassium-2 chloride (NKCC1) co-transporters in the lateral superior olive (LSO) of heterozygous (+/cir) or homozygous (cir/cir) mice.Methods. Mice pups aged from postnatal (P) day 9 to 16 were used. Tails from mice were cut for DNA typing. For Immunohistochemical analysis, rabbit polyclonal anti-KCC2 or rabbit polyclonal anti-NKCC1 was used and the density of immunolabelings was evaluated using the NTH image program. For functional analysis, whole cell voltage clamp technique was used in brain stem slices and the changes of reversal potentials were evaluated at various membrane potentials.Results. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed both KCC2 and NKCC1 immunoreactivities were more prominent in heterozygous (+/cir) than homozygous (cir/cir) mice on P day 16. In P9-P12 heterozygous (+/cir) mice, the reversal potential (E(gly)) of glycine-induced currents was shifted to a more negative potential by 50 mu M bumetanide, a known NKCC1 blocker, and the negatively shifted EA, was restored by additional application of 1 mM furosemide, a KCC2 blocker (-58.9 +/- 2.6 mV to -66.0 +/- 1.5 mV [bumetanide], -66.0 1.5 mV to -59.8 +/- 2.8 mV [furosemide+bumetanide], n=11). However, only bumetanide was weakly, but significantly effective (-60.1 +/- 2.9 mV to -62.7 +/- 2.6 mV [bumetanide], -62.7 +/- 2.6 mV to -62.1 +/- 2.5 mV [furosernide+bumetanide], n=7) in P9-P12 homozygous (cir/cir) mice.Conclusion. The less prominent immunoreactivities and weak or absent responses to bumetanide or furosemide suggest impaired function or delayed development of both transporters in homozygous (cir/cir) mice

Small-bowel capsule endoscopy with panoramic view: results of the first multicenter, observational study (with videos).

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The first small-bowel video-capsule endoscopy (VCE) with 360° panoramic view has been recently developed. This new capsule has a wire-free technology, 4 high frame-rate cameras, and a long-lasting battery life. The present study was aimed at assessing performances and the safety profile of the 360° panoramic-view capsule in a large series of patients from a multicenter clinical practice setting. METHODS: Consecutive patients undergoing a 360° panoramic-view capsule procedure in 7 European Institutions between January 2011 and November 2015 were included. Both technical (ie, technical failures, completion rate) and clinical (ie, indication, findings, retention rate) data were collected by means of a structured questionnaire. VCE findings were classified according to the likelihood to explain reason for referral: P0-low, P1-intermediate and P2-high. RESULTS: Among 172 patients (94 men; median age: 68 years, IQR: 53-75), 142 underwent VCE for obscure (32 overt, 110 occult) GI bleeding (OGIB) and 28 for suspected (17) or established (2) Crohn's disease (CD). Overall, 560 findings were detected; 252 of them were P2. The overall diagnostic yield was 40.1%; 42.2% and 30.0% in patients with OGIB and CD, respectively. The rate of complete enteroscopy was 90.2%. All of the patients but one, who experienced capsule retention (1/172: 0.6%), excreted and retrieved the capsule. VCE failure occurred in 4 of 172 (2.3%) cases for technical problems. CONCLUSION: The present multicenter study, conducted in clinical practice setting and based on a large consecutive series of patients, showed that DY and safety profile of 360° panoramic-view capsule are similar to those of forward-view VCEs