A toxicological and dermatological assessment of macrocyclic lactone and lactide derivatives when used as fragrance ingredients

The Macrocyclic Lactone and Lactide derivative (ML) group of fragrance ingredients was critically evaluated for safety following a complete literature search. For high end users, calculated maximum dermal exposures vary from 0.47% to 11.15%; systemic exposures vary from 0.0008 to 0.25 mg/kg/day. The MLs had low acute toxicity and no significant toxicity in repeat dose oral ordermal toxicity studies. Effects on blood biochemistry were reversible after 2 weeks of no treatment. No mutagenic or genotoxic activity in bacteria and mammalian cell line assays was observed. Reproductive and developmental toxicity was not observed. Human dermatological studies show MLs are generally not irritating after one application. Minor irritation was observed in a few individuals following multiple applications. At rates consistent with reported levels for current human exposure, no phototoxicity or photosensitization was observed. In animal studies, the MLs are not sensitizers at lower exposures from consumer products. Eleven ML materials were evaluated for human sensitization. Of these, only ethylene brassylate showed evidence of sensitization in 2/27 studies (sensitization frequency 4/2059 total). Based on these findings, the Panel is of the opinion that there are no safety concerns for the MLs at reported levels of use and exposure as fragrance ingredients. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd

A toxicologic and dermatologic assessment of related esters and alcohols of cinnamic acid and cinnamyl alcohol when used as fragrance ingredients

An evaluation and review of a structurally related group of fragrance materials. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Quantitative Risk Assessment of Contact Sensitization:Clinical Data to Assess Utility of the Model

Background: Contact hypersensitivity quantitative risk assessment (QRA) for fragrance ingredients is being used to establish new international standards for all fragrance ingredients that are potential skin sensitizers. Objective: The objective was to evaluate the retrospective clinical data on three fragrance ingredients in order to provide a practical assessment of the predictive value of the QRA approach. It is important to have data to assess that the methodology provides a robust approach for primary prevention of contact sensitization induction for fragrance ingredients identified as potential sensitizers. Methods: This article reviews clinical data for three fragrance ingredients cinnamic aldehyde, citral, and isoeugenol to assess the utility of the QRA approach for fragrance ingredients. Results: This assessment suggests that had the QRA approach been available at the time standards were established for these fragrance ingredients, the clinical response might have been noticeably improved. Prospectively, with the establishment of QRA-derived standards, there should be a continued downward trend in patch test-positive rates for cinnamic aldehyde, citral, and isoeugenol over time. Conclusion: While it is recognized that the availability of retrospective data is limited, a longitudinal review of these data gives confidence that the QRA approach should be an effective tool for primary prevention. This study also highlights the importance of continued active monitoring of clinical patch-test data for fragrance ingredients

Experimental Demonstration of an Electrostatic Orbital Angular Momentum Sorter for Electron Beams

The component of orbital angular momentum (OAM) in the propagation direction is one of the fundamental quantities of an electron wave function that describes its rotational symmetry and spatial chirality. Here, we demonstrate experimentally an electrostatic sorter that can be used to analyze the OAM states of electron beams in a transmission electron microscope. The device achieves postselection or sorting of OAM states after electron-material interactions, thereby allowing the study of new material properties such as the magnetic states of atoms. The required electron-optical configuration is achieved by using microelectromechanical systems technology and focused ion beam milling to control the electron phase electrostatically with a lateral resolution of 50 nm. An OAM resolution of 1.5ℏ is realized in tests on controlled electron vortex beams, with the perspective of reaching an optimal OAM resolution of 1ℏ in the near future

RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, ethyl 2-tert-butylcyclohexyl carbonate, CAS Registry Number 67801-64-3

Five genetic groupings of sorghum association panel. (XLSX 18 kb