Low molecular weight thymic factor inhibits histamine release from basophils

Low molecular weight thymic factor stimulates the suppressor function of T-lymphocytes, increases cAMP content (but not cGMP) in lymphocytes and inhibits histamine release from sensitized basophils. The mechanisms of LTF action are discussed

Non-Perturbative Production of Multi-Boson States and Quantum Bubbles

The amplitude of production of $n$ on-mass-shell scalar bosons by a highly virtual field $\phi$ is considered in a $\lambda \phi^4$ theory with weak coupling $\lambda$ and spontaneously broken symmetry. The amplitude of this process is known to have an $n!$ growth when the produced bosons are exactly at rest. Here it is shown that for $n \gg 1/\lambda$ the process goes through `quantum bubbles', i.e. quantized droplets of a different vacuum phase, which are non-perturbative resonant states of the field $\phi$. The bubbles provide a form factor for the production amplitude, which rapidly decreases above the threshold. As a result the probability of the process may be heavily suppressed and may decrease with energy $E$ as $\exp (-const \cdot E^a)$, where the power $a$ depends on the number of space dimensions. Also discussed are the quantized states of bubbles and the amplitudes of their formation and decay.Comment: 20 pages in LaTeX + 3 figures (fugures not included, hardcopy available on request), TPI-MINN-93/20-

Main Stages of the Formation of an Economic Cluster

The questions of the formation of cluster, their management and development in economy of Russia became in recent years a topic of numerous discussions, research studies by domestic economists. Cluster strategies of development are widespread in public authorities. Moreover, there are official documents considering the contents and directions of the main new formed economic clusters. Foreign and domestic scientists have more than once proved that development of countries, where a cluster approach is used, characterizes increased production efficiency, competitiveness growth, increasing population welfare. This issue on the formation of an economic cluster is urgent both for the state and other entities. Also the process of realization and introduction of this economic event is quite important. This paper is devoted to the main stages of the formation and application of an economic cluster. Keywords: stage, cluster, economic process, innovation, system JEL Classifications: A19, A39, O1

The organization of medical and social care for HIV-infected citizens in the Sverdlovsk Region

The article presents the results of studying and formation of approaches to creation of regional system of interagency cooperation when rendering the medico-social support to HIV-positive people. The research was realized during 1990-2015, methods of the epidemiological analysis, sociological, statistical analysis were used. High incidence and prevalence of HIV infection of the popula-tion of Sverdlovsk region is established. In development of epidemic process at HIV infection, the special role belongs to social conditionality of a problem: high prevalence of HIV infection among socially unadapted segments of the population, involvement of women and realization vertical way of transferof avinisfrom motherto the child. In genderstmcturethe ratio of women in Sverdlovsk region is significantly higherthan onaverage across Russia (39,0%); a prevalence of pregnant women -1,78%. On the other hand, HIV infection generates some medico-social risks of the patient and his family. Approaches to formation of model of the organization of the complex medico-social assistance that allows providing on the territory of Sverd-lovsk region’s unified approach and coordinated interagency cooperation with medico-social support of the individuals and families involved in HIV infection with special attention to women and children, in Sverdlovsk region are presented.В статье представлены результаты изучения и формирования подходов к созданию региональной системы межведомственного взаимодействия при оказании медико-социальной помощи ВИЧ-инфицированным. Исследование выполнено за период 1990-2015 гг., использованы методы эпидемиологического анализа, социологический, статистический. Установлена высокая заболеваемость и пораженность ВИЧ-инфекцией населения Свердловской области. В развитии эпидемического процесса при ВИЧ-инфекции особая роль принадлежит социальной обусловленности проблемы, в т.ч. высокой распространенности ВИЧ-инфекции среди социально дезадаптированных слоев населения, а также вовлечению женщин и реализации вертикального пути передачи вируса от матери ребенку. В гендерной структуре доля женщин в Свердловской области существенно выше, чем в среднем по России (39,0%); пораженность беременных женщин -1,78%. С другой стороны, наличие ВИЧ-инфекции порождает определенные медико-социальные риски у пациента и его семьи. Представлены механизмы формирования модели организации комплексной медико-социальной помощи, которая позволяет обеспечить на территории Свердловской области унифицированный подход и согласованное межведомственное взаимодействие при медико-социальном сопровождении лиц и семей, вовлеченных в проблему ВИЧ-инфекции, с особым вниманием к женщинам и детям

ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ПЕНООБРАЗНОЙ СТРУКТУРЫ КОНДИТЕРСКИХ ИЗДЕЛИЙ

In this paper, the questions of the foamy structure formation in zephyr are considered. Regularities of the influence of recipe components on the foam structure are revealed. The effect of egg white, pectin, white sugar, applesauce and other recipe components on the physicochemical and rheological properties of the foam mass used to produce zephyr has been studied. The addition of pectin leads to an increase in the elastic-plastic properties of the foam mass, and the addition of white sugar leads to an increase in its foaming ability. Recipe components form the foamy structure of the zephyr. The choice of apple pectin allows one to control the density of the zephyr mass and the water activity of the foamy masses. When 0.075% apple pectin is added to a 1% egg white solution, the foaming ability decreases from 190% to 104%, and the foam stability remains practically unchanged. The addition of applesauce, syrup, citric acid and other recipe components to such a foamy mass leads to a slight decrease in the foaming ability, while its stability increases significantly up to 80%, i. e., almost twice. The resulting foamy structure of the zephyr mass is characterized by high physicochemical, organoleptic and rheological parameters, which makes it possible to obtain high quality confectionery products of a given shape.В данной работе рассмотрены вопросы формирования пенообразной структуры зефира. Выявлены закономерности влияния рецептурных компонентов на структуру пен. Исследовано влияние яичного белка, пектина, сахара белого, яблочного пюре и других рецептурных компонентов на физико-химические и реологические свойства пенной массы, используемой для получения зефира. Внесение пектина приводит к увеличению упруго-пластичных свойств пенной массы, а добавление сахара белого приводит к увеличению ее пенообразующей способности. Рецептурные компоненты формируют пенообразную структуру зефира. Выбор яблочного пектина позволяет управлять плотностью зефирной массы и активностью воды пенных масс. При добавлении 0,075% яблочного пектина в  1%-й раствор яичного белка пенообразующая способность понижается от 190% до 104%, а стойкость пены практически не изменяется. Добавление яблочного пюре, патоки, лимонной кислоты и других рецептурных компонентов в такую пенную массу приводит к незначительному уменьшению пенообразующей способности, при этом ее стойкость существенно увеличивается до 80%, т. е. практически в два раза. Полученная пенообразная структура зефирной массы характеризуется высокими физико-химическими, органолептическими и реологическими показателями, что позволяет получать кондитерские изделия заданной формы высокого качества

Обоснование использования структурообразователей для повышения сохранности кондитерских изделий пенообразной структуры

Confectionery products with the foamy structure such as pastila and zefir (Russian marshmallow-like confectioneries) are in demand among various consumer groups. The expansion of the range and sales markets requires ensuring quality of such products during their transportation, storage, as well as increasing their shelf life. The patterns of change in quality indicators allow establishing additional requirements for them to improve storability of such products. Moisture transfer processes are predominant during storage of confectionery products with the foamy structure and define their hardening or moistening. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the influence of various factors on quality indicators during storage of zefir. Studies have been carried out to determine the influence of various structure-forming agents, such as agar, pectin, gelatin, on the direction and rate of moisture transfer processes during storage of zefir samples. The possibility of using the method of infrared spectroscopy for assessing quality of structure-forming agents during incoming inspection is shown. The mass fraction of moisture in zefir made using agar decreased by 3.5% after 10 weeks of storage at a temperature of 18°C. During this period, the mass fraction of moisture in zefir made using pectin as a structure-forming agent decreased by 2.5%, while in zefir prepared on the basis of gelatin, the mass fraction of moisture decreased only by 1.2%. Thus, the addition of gelatin makes it possible to reduce the rate of moisture transfer by approximately 2–3 times. The low moisture transfer rate of zefir is due to the water-holding properties of the protein structure of gelatin. Diffusion coefficients were calculated to predict the rate of moisture transfer processes in zefir samples made using various structure-forming agents and stored at different temperatures. The lowest diffusion coefficient was determined in zefir made with the addition of pectin, while the highest diffusion coefficient was in the sample based on gelatin. However, zefir made from gelatin had the lowest actual moisture transfer rate, since the gradient of the water activity was minimal (7.6%). With an increase in the storage temperature of zefir made with the addition of various structure-forming agents from 18°C to 28°C, the rate of moisture transfer increased. In zefir produced on the basis of agar, this indicator increased by 2.7 times, in the sample from pectin by 3.0 times; in zefir based on gelatin by only 1.5 times. The results obtained make it possible to predict the risks of changes in zefir quality during storage.Кондитерские изделия пенообразной структуры, такие как пастила и зефир, являются востребованными среди различных групп потребителей. Расширение ассортимента и рынков сбыта требует обеспечения качества таких изделий при их транспортировке, хранении, а также повышения их срока годности. Закономерности изменения показателей качества позволяют установить дополнительные требования к ним для повышения сохранности таких изделий. Процессы влагопереноса являются превалирующими при хранении кондитерских изделий пенообразной структуры и обуславливают их черствение или увлажнение. Поэтому необходимо оценить влияние различных факторов на показатели качества в процессе хранения зефира. Проведены исследования влияния различных структурообразователей, таких как агар, пектин, желатин, на направление и скорость процессов влагопереноса при хранении образцов зефира. Показана возможность применения метода инфракрасной спектроскопии для оценки качества структурообразователей при входном контроле. Массовая доля влаги зефира, изготовленного с использованием агара, за 10 недель хранения при температуре 18°C уменьшилась на 3,5%. За этот период массовая доля влаги зефира, изготовленного с применением пектина в качестве структурообразователя, уменьшилась на 2,5%, в то время как в зефире, приготовленном на основе желатина, массовая доля влаги снизилась только на 1,2%. Таким образом, добавление желатина позволяет уменьшить скорость влагопереноса ориентировочно в 2–3 раза. Низкая скорость влагопереноса зефира обусловлена влагоудерживающими свойствами белковой структуры желатина. Для прогнозирования скорости процессов влагопереноса в образцах зефира, изготовленных с использованием различных структурообразователей и хранившихся при различных температурах, рассчитаны коэффициенты диффузии. Наименьший коэффициент диффузии определен у зефира, изготовленного с добавлением пектина, а наибольший — у образца на основе желатина. Однако у зефира из желатина наблюдается самая низкая фактическая скорость влагопереноса, поскольку градиент активности воды минимальный — 7,6%. При повышении температуры хранения зефира, изготовленного с добавлением различных структурообразователей, с 18°C до 28°C скорость влагопереноса увеличилась. У зефира, произведенного на основе агара, этот показатель возрос в 2,7 раза; у образца из пектина — в 3,0 раза; у зефира на основе желатине — только в 1,5 раза. Полученные результаты позволяют прогнозировать риски изменений качества зефира в процессе хранения

THE PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS, AND TREATMENT OF VITAMIN D AND CALCIUM DEFICIENCIES IN THE ADULT POPULATION OF RUSSIA AND IN PATIENTS WITH OSTEOPOROSIS (ACCORDING TO THE MATERIALS OF PREPARED CLINICAL RECOMMENDATIONS)

The paper presents data on the role of vitamin D and calcium in the function of many human organs and tissues. Lifestyle, dietary preferences, and insufficient physical activity contribute to the high prevalence of vitamin D and calcium deficiencies in the adult population of Russia, causing different diseases and abnormalities. The authors have worked out recommendations for the preventive use of vitamin D and calcium in healthy population, give consumption rates for these substances, and describe the clinical and laboratory signs of vitamin D deficiency and indications for screening. They also propose treatment regimens for vitamin D deficiency and depict the signs of intoxication inoverdose. Particular emphasis is laid on the place of vitamin D and calcium in the therapy of osteoporosis

Myocardial infarction in the population of some Russian regions and its prognostic value

Aim. To study the prevalence of myocardial infarction (MI) in the population of Russian regions and its contribution to cardiovascular events.Material and methods. The analysis material was representative samples of the population aged 35-64 years from 11 Russian regions,  examined within the multicenter study “Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases and their Risk Factors in Regions  of Russian Federation”. The response rate was about 80%. The study used a community-based  systematic stratified multiply random sample. During the study, information on prior MI was obtained using a standard questionnaire. Anthropometry and measurement of blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) with an automatic BP monitor were performed. Resting electrocardiography (ECG) was performed, followed by Minnesota coding. Major and minor QQS waves and STT segments were considered as ischemic  ECG abnormalities. Biochemical parameters were determined using an Arkhitect 000 Clinical Chemistry Analyzer. The median prospective  follow-up was 6,21 [5,25; 6,75] years. A composite endpoint (CE) was analyzed, including cardiovascular death and non-fatal MI. During the follow-up period, 363 all-cause deaths were detected,  of which 134 were from cardiovascular diseases, while 196 — CEs. Statistical analysis was carried out in R 3.6.1 environment.Results. The MI prevalence among the Russian population was 2,9%; 5,2% for men and 1,5% for women,  increasing  with age. Men with prior MI were  more likely to take statins and beta-blockers  than women as follows: 39,0% vs 25,6% and 29,3% vs 27,1%, respectively. MI newly diagnosed within the follow-up  period was associated with the following risk factors (RFs): smoking, increased BP, HR, triglycerides and glucose.  For individuals with prior MI, a significant relationship was found only with smoking.  Multiple comparison  of the contribution of RFs, ECG abnormalities,  and prior MI showed  that the inclusion of ischemic ECG abnormalities in the analysis significantly increases  the risk of cardiovascular events in individuals without prior MI compared with individuals without both MI and ECG changes.  A high CE risk was noted in patients with prior MI: relative risk (RR), 4,73 (2,92-7,65); the addition of ischemic ECG abnormalities increased the RR to 5,75 (3,76-8,8).Conclusion. The RR of CEs in patients  with prior MI without or with ischemic ECG changes  is 4,73 and 5,75 times higher than in patients without MI and ECG abnormalities. The risk factors  identified  in this case cannot explain such an increase  in CEs. It is obvious  that people  with prior MI need  rehabilitation. The presence of RFs in patients with newly diagnosed  MI indicates insufficient primary prevention, which suggests  that strengthening preventive measures to eliminate conventional risk factors in patients with newly diagnosed  MI will help reduce the risk of recurrent MI or cardiovascular  mortality