27 research outputs found
A Solve-RD ClinVar-based reanalysis of 1522 index cases from ERN-ITHACA reveals common pitfalls and misinterpretations in exome sequencing
Purpose
Within the Solve-RD project (https://solve-rd.eu/), the European Reference Network for Intellectual disability, TeleHealth, Autism and Congenital Anomalies aimed to investigate whether a reanalysis of exomes from unsolved cases based on ClinVar annotations could establish additional diagnoses. We present the results of the âClinVar low-hanging fruitâ reanalysis, reasons for the failure of previous analyses, and lessons learned.
Methods
Data from the first 3576 exomes (1522 probands and 2054 relatives) collected from European Reference Network for Intellectual disability, TeleHealth, Autism and Congenital Anomalies was reanalyzed by the Solve-RD consortium by evaluating for the presence of single-nucleotide variant, and small insertions and deletions already reported as (likely) pathogenic in ClinVar. Variants were filtered according to frequency, genotype, and mode of inheritance and reinterpreted.
Results
We identified causal variants in 59 cases (3.9%), 50 of them also raised by other approaches and 9 leading to new diagnoses, highlighting interpretation challenges: variants in genes not known to be involved in human disease at the time of the first analysis, misleading genotypes, or variants undetected by local pipelines (variants in off-target regions, low quality filters, low allelic balance, or high frequency).
Conclusion
The âClinVar low-hanging fruitâ analysis represents an effective, fast, and easy approach to recover causal variants from exome sequencing data, herewith contributing to the reduction of the diagnostic deadlock
Mémorisation et reconnaissance de séquences multimots chez l'enfant et l'adulte : effets de la fréquence et de la variabilité interne
The mental lexicon is usually assumed as the main foundation of written and spoken-language perception. Numerous and hierarchically-organized cues drive speech segmentation in adults and infants but lexical cues appear as overriding. Throughout this work, we question multiword-sequence storage idiosyncrasy and multiword-sequence memorizing as one unit in the mental lexicon.This work splits into two parts, each composed of a set of experiments. The first one assesses the cues involved in recognition facilitation of nouns in noun phrases. For that purpose, we disentangled grammatical-gender effects and co-occurrence frequency effects on the processing of determiner-noun sequences. Then, we tested the cohesiveness effect on three-word sequencesâ recognition.The second set of experiments is about the influence of determiner-noun sequencesâ internal variability in noun-phraseâs structure aquisition in 2 to 2,5 year-old children. In a three-month longitudinal study, we contrast two main conceptions of first-language acquisition: Universal Grammar and Usage-Based approaches.Les modĂšles de la perception du langage Ă©crit et du langage oral mettent au premier plan lâimportance du lexique mental. En effet, parmi les nombreux indices hiĂ©rarchisĂ©s et guidant la segmentation du flux continu de parole chez lâadulte et lâenfant, les indices lexicaux ont une place prĂ©pondĂ©rante. Tout au long de ce travail, nous nous intĂ©ressons aux spĂ©cificitĂ©s du stockage des sĂ©quences multimots dans le lexique mental et Ă lâhypothĂšse dâune mĂ©morisation de ces sĂ©quences en une seule unitĂ©.Ce travail se divise en deux parties, chacune composĂ©e dâune sĂ©rie dâexpĂ©riences. La premiĂšre partie interroge en premier lieu les indices impliquĂ©s dans les effets facilitateurs de la reconnaissance des noms au sein du groupe nominal. Pour cela, sont mis en perspective lâeffet du genre grammatical portĂ© par les dĂ©terminants et lâeffet de frĂ©quence de co-occurrence des sĂ©quences dĂ©terminant-nom sur le traitement du nom. Câest ensuite lâeffet de la cohĂ©sion des sĂ©quences multimots sur leur reconnaissance qui est examinĂ©.La seconde partie aborde lâinfluence de la variabilitĂ© interne des combinaisons dĂ©terminant-nom dans lâacquisition de la structure du groupe nominal chez lâenfant de deux ans Ă deux ans et demi. Au travers dâune Ă©tude longitudinale, nous opposons deux grandes conceptions de lâacquisition du langage chez le jeune enfant: la Grammaire Universelle et les approches BasĂ©es sur lâUsage
Techniques collectives pour la recombinaison cohérente d'un grand nombre de fibres laser
Thanks to their properties, fibre lasers can now compete with solid state lasers to develop high power laser sources. They also bring inherent advantages in terms of robustness, efficiency, beam quality, thermal management and compacity. The applications of such sources include industry (machining, marking), defence (telemetry, lidar), environment (lidar), free space communications, fundamental research. Nevertheless, some of these applications still need higher power or energy than that a single fiber can provide with a high beam quality. To overcome this limitation, an idea is to use several fibre lasers and to combine coherently the resulting beams in far field. This work is a first step to a new category of very high energy lasers, and was realized in the scope of a French National Research Agency (ANR) project called Coherent Amplifying Network (CAN). This project is a collaboration between LOA, IOGS, Thales R&T and Onera. A theoretical study about coherent beam combining leads to the practical requirements for an efficient combination. Then a bundle of 64 collimated fibres is designed and experimentally realized. By extending the idea of lateral shearing interferometers, a new method for phase measurement from fibres is demonstrated. This leads to a collective and self-referenced phase sensor that completely match beam combining requirements. To end, an original self-adaptive technique of phase correction by digital holography is described and experimentally demonstrated.Les propriétés intrinsÚques de la fibre optique utilisée comme milieu à gain en font un candidat idéal pour le développement de sources laser de haute puissance, aujourd'hui capable de rivaliser avec les lasers à état solide, tout en apportant ses avantages propres : robustesse, efficacité, qualité de faisceau potentielle, gestion de la thermique, compacité et tenue à l'environnement. Les domaines d'application sont nombreux : industrie (usinage, marquage), défense (télémétrie, imagerie), environnement (lidar), communications en espace libre, recherche fondamentale... Cependant, certaines applications nécessitent des puissances ou énergie encore supérieures à ce que peut délivrer une seule fibre associée à une bonne qualité de faisceau. Pour contourner cette difficulté, l'approche abordée ici est de répartir l'amplification sur plusieurs fibres lasers, puis de recombiner les faisceaux en espace libre. Ce travail est préparatoire à une nouvelle génération de lasers hyper-intenses et a été réalisé dans le cadre du projet ANR CAN, collaboration entre LOA, IOGS, Thales R&T et Onera. Suivant le dimensionnement défini par l'étude théorique de la combinaison cohérente de faisceaux laser, un toron de 64 fibres collimatées chacune par une petite lentille est conçu puis réalisé technologiquement. Par extension de l'idée de l'interféromÚtre à décalage quadri-latéral, une méthode de mesure collective et auto-référencée de la phase des fibres est mise au point. Enfin, une technique originale et auto-adaptative de mise en phase par holographie numérique est présentée et validée expérimentalement
Multiword sequence storage and recognition in children and adults : frequency and internal variability effects
Les modĂšles de la perception du langage Ă©crit et du langage oral mettent au premier plan lâimportance du lexique mental. En effet, parmi les nombreux indices hiĂ©rarchisĂ©s et guidant la segmentation du flux continu de parole chez lâadulte et lâenfant, les indices lexicaux ont une place prĂ©pondĂ©rante. Tout au long de ce travail, nous nous intĂ©ressons aux spĂ©cificitĂ©s du stockage des sĂ©quences multimots dans le lexique mental et Ă lâhypothĂšse dâune mĂ©morisation de ces sĂ©quences en une seule unitĂ©.Ce travail se divise en deux parties, chacune composĂ©e dâune sĂ©rie dâexpĂ©riences. La premiĂšre partie interroge en premier lieu les indices impliquĂ©s dans les effets facilitateurs de la reconnaissance des noms au sein du groupe nominal. Pour cela, sont mis en perspective lâeffet du genre grammatical portĂ© par les dĂ©terminants et lâeffet de frĂ©quence de co-occurrence des sĂ©quences dĂ©terminant-nom sur le traitement du nom. Câest ensuite lâeffet de la cohĂ©sion des sĂ©quences multimots sur leur reconnaissance qui est examinĂ©.La seconde partie aborde lâinfluence de la variabilitĂ© interne des combinaisons dĂ©terminant-nom dans lâacquisition de la structure du groupe nominal chez lâenfant de deux ans Ă deux ans et demi. Au travers dâune Ă©tude longitudinale, nous opposons deux grandes conceptions de lâacquisition du langage chez le jeune enfant: la Grammaire Universelle et les approches BasĂ©es sur lâUsage.The mental lexicon is usually assumed as the main foundation of written and spoken-language perception. Numerous and hierarchically-organized cues drive speech segmentation in adults and infants but lexical cues appear as overriding. Throughout this work, we question multiword-sequence storage idiosyncrasy and multiword-sequence memorizing as one unit in the mental lexicon.This work splits into two parts, each composed of a set of experiments. The first one assesses the cues involved in recognition facilitation of nouns in noun phrases. For that purpose, we disentangled grammatical-gender effects and co-occurrence frequency effects on the processing of determiner-noun sequences. Then, we tested the cohesiveness effect on three-word sequencesâ recognition.The second set of experiments is about the influence of determiner-noun sequencesâ internal variability in noun-phraseâs structure aquisition in 2 to 2,5 year-old children. In a three-month longitudinal study, we contrast two main conceptions of first-language acquisition: Universal Grammar and Usage-Based approaches
Techniques collectives pour la recombinaison cohérente d'un grand nombre de fibres laser
Les propriétés intrinsÚques de la fibre optique utilisée comme milieu à gain en font un candidat idéal pour le développement de sources laser de haute puissance, aujourd hui capable de rivaliser avec les lasers à état solide, tout en apportant ses avantages propres : robustesse, efficacité, qualité de faisceau potentielle, gestion de la thermique, compacité et tenue à l environnement. Les domaines d application sont nombreux : industrie ( usinage, marquage), défense ( télémétrie, imagerie), environnement (lidar), communications en espace libre, recherche fondamentale Cependant, certaines applications nécessitent des puissances ou énergie encore supérieures à ce que peut délivrer une seule fibre associée à une bonne qualité de faisceau. Pour contourner cette difficulté, l approche abordée ici est de répartir l amplification sur plusieurs fibres lasers, puis de recombiner les faisceaux en espace libre. Ce travail est préparatoire à une nouvelle génération de lasers hyper-intenses et a été réalisé dans le cadre du projet ANR CAN, collaboration entre LOA,IOGS ,Thales R&T et Onera. Suivant le dimensionnement défini par l étude théorique de la combinaison cohérente de faisceaux laser, un toron de 64 fibres collimatées chacune par une petite lentille est conçu puis réalisé technologiquement. Par extension de l idée de l interféromÚtre à décalage quadri-latéral, une méthode de mesure collective et auto-référencée de la phase des fibres mise au point. Enfin, une technique originale et auto-adaptative de mise en phase par holographie numérique est présentée et validée expérimentalement.Thanks to their properties, fibre lasers can now compete with solid state lasers to develop hig power laser sources. They also bring inherent advantages in terms of robustness, efficiency, beam quality, thermal management and compacity. The applications of such sources include industry (machining, marking), defense ( telemetry, lidar), free space communications, fundamental research. Nevertheless, some of these applications still need higher power energy than that a single fiber can provide with a high beam quality. To overcome this limitation, an idea is to use several fibre lasers and to combine coherently the resulting beams in far field. This work is a first step to a new category of very high energy lasers, and was realized in the scope of a French National Agency (ANR) project called Coherent Amplyfing Network (CAN). This project is a collaboration between LOA,IOGS,Thales R&T and Onera.A theorectical study about coherent beam combining leads to the pratical requirements for an efficient combination. Then a bundle of 64 collimated fibres is designed and experimentally realised. By extending the idea of lateral shearing interferometers, a new method for phase measurement from fibres is demontrated. This leads to a collective and self-referenced phase sensor that completely match beam combining requirements. To end , an original self-adaptative technique of phase correction by digital holography is described and experimentally demonstrated.ORSAY-PARIS 11-BU Sciences (914712101) / SudocSudocFranceF
Use of gender-marked context in noun recognition: Abstract cues or storage of multiword sequences?
International audienc
Gender context effects in noun recognition: grammatical cues or co-occurrence effects?
International audienceDeterminers with congruent gender facilitate the recognition of the following noun. We examine two explanations of this effect: either gender information is retrieved and influences lexical access, or gender effects are due to the determiner-noun co-occurrence. French nouns are either feminine or masculine and are preceded by feminine or masculine determiners in the singular. Plural articles are unmarked for gender. Because some nouns (peanuts) occur more frequently in the plural than in their singular, they frequently co-occur with determiners that do not provide gender information. Conversely, nouns that occur more frequently in their singular form (cathedral) co-occur more frequently with gender-marked determiners. We examined the recognition of plural- and singular-oriented nouns preceded by gender-marked and unmarked determiners. Singular-oriented nouns were recognised faster after gender-marked (singular) articles than after gender-unmarked (plural) ones. However, plural-oriented nouns were recognised faster after gender-unmarked (plural) articles, suggesting that articles/nouns co-occurrence outweigh abstract gender cue
Robust method of metrology for direct phase measurement for nano-antennas
Optical metasurfaces allow the development of original and more and more complex optical functions. They are therefore facing a design and characterization problem. Indeed, they are more and more composed of complex patterns, with different types of antennas and non-periodic. This is why it is important to build libraries of nano-structures that can be used as building blocks to compose optical functions. Therefore, we propose a direct phase measurement metrology method for optical nanostructures. Using lateral shift interferometry, our technique allows to simultaneously characterize in amplitude and phase nano-antennas of all types, shapes and materials, and thus to experimentally establish a library of nano-antennas. Our method brings an additional tool in the design of nano-antennas, which completes the existing simulation tools, by allowing to test all types of nano-antennas
Diagnostic d'un laser digital de 61 fibres cophasées par interférométrie PISTIL
International audienceCoherent beam combining (CBC) opens the way to a new paradigm in laser architecture [1] . The quest to high peak and average power indeed faces several fundamental limitations (transverse amplified spontaneous emission in wide amplifiers, thermal management issues) which can be addressed when relying on numerous smaller scale reliable lasers coherently combined. Achieving CBC for a large number of amplifiers will not only rely on the use of an efficient phase-locking scheme but also on fiber management inside the laser head (such as accurate angular and lateral positioning, at ”m or mrad levels), optics, and amplifiers management as well as laboratory environment control. An accurate diagnosis of the laser array is mandatory in order to get significant feedback on its design, and potentially improve or stabilize its behavior, either in phase-locked loop or in free run.La combinaison cohĂ©rente de faisceaux (CBC) ouvre la voie Ă un nouveau paradigme dans l'architecture laser [1] . La recherche d'une puissance de crĂȘte et d'une puissance moyenne Ă©levĂ©es se heurte en effet Ă plusieurs limitations fondamentales (Ă©mission spontanĂ©e amplifiĂ©e transversale dans les amplificateurs larges, problĂšmes de gestion thermique) qui peuvent ĂȘtre rĂ©solues en s'appuyant sur de nombreux lasers fiables Ă plus petite Ă©chelle combinĂ©s de maniĂšre cohĂ©rente. La rĂ©alisation de la CBC pour un grand nombre d'amplificateurs ne dĂ©pendra pas seulement de l'utilisation d'un systĂšme de verrouillage de phase efficace, mais aussi de la gestion des fibres Ă l'intĂ©rieur de la tĂȘte laser (comme le positionnement angulaire et latĂ©ral prĂ©cis, Ă des niveaux de ”m ou de mrad), de la gestion des optiques et des amplificateurs, ainsi que du contrĂŽle de l'environnement du laboratoire. Un diagnostic prĂ©cis du rĂ©seau laser est obligatoire pour obtenir un retour d'information significatif sur sa conception, et potentiellement amĂ©liorer ou stabiliser son comportement, que ce soit en boucle Ă verrouillage de phase ou en fonctionnement libre
Phase measurement of a segmented wave front using PISton and TILt interferometry (PISTIL)
International audienceNew architectures for telescopes or powerful lasers require segmented wave front metrology. This paper deals with a new interferometric wave front sensing technique called PISTIL (PISton and TILt), able to recover both piston and tilts of segment beams. The main advantages of the PISTIL technique are the absence of a reference arm and an access to the tilt information. An explanation of the principle, as well as an experimental implementation and the use of a segmented active mirror, are presented. Measurement errors of λ/200 for piston and 40 ”rad for tilts have been achieved, well beyond performances requested for the above mentioned applications