A MODIS based tool to assess inundation patterns: an example for the Paraná Delta River

Wetlands are one of the most productive yet altered ecosystems due to human activities across the world. They rely largely on their water flow to provide several ecosystem functions. Then, to develop a land use plan that allows a productive use maintaining the ecological integrity it is critical to understand the flooding patterns. In that sense, the capability of remote sensors to estimate water cover for large areas at detailed spatial and temporal scales can help to develop managerial decision tools. However, the temporal and spatial variation of water components may alter it spectral properties. We studied the capability of different MODIS derived spectral indices to estimate water cover or water presence-absence. The study region was the Paraná Delta River, which is a 2 Mha wetland area. Between all the models evaluated, one based on the spectral index NDWI1 ((Red – SWIR) / (Red + SWIR)) was the most accurate. A NDWI1 = -0.2 threshold allowed to separate those pixels with less than those with more than 60% of water cover with an accuracy of 91%. By this model, we described the flooding patterns of different landscape units of the region during the last 12 years and classified the region according to the impact of ordinary and extraordinary flooding events. We consider this information can help to improve the knowledge about the hydrodynamics, monitor the impact of some activities and develop a more sustainable regional planning.Los humedales están entre los ecosistemas más productivos y, a su vez, están fuertemente alterados por el ser humano. Los múltiples servicios que proveen dependen en gran medida del flujo de agua. Por ello, para desarrollar un plan de uso de la tierra que permita un uso productivo manteniendo la integridad ecológica es fundamental comprender los patrones de inundación. En ese sentido, la capacidad de los sensores remotos de estimar la cobertura de agua en áreas grandes a escalas espaciales y temporales detalladas contribuirían a desarrollar herramientas que favorezcan la toma de decisiones. Sin embargo, la variación temporal y espacial de los componentes del agua puede alterar sus propiedades espectrales. Se estudió la capacidad de diferentes índices espectrales derivados del sensor MODIS para estimar la cobertura de agua o la presencia/ ausencia de agua. La región de estudio fue el Delta del Río Paraná, un humedal de 2 millones de hectáreas. Entre todos los modelos evaluados, uno basado en el índice espectral NDWI1 ((Rojo - SWIR) / (Rojo + SWIR)) fue el más preciso. Un valor umbral de NDWI1 = -0,2 permitió separar píxeles con menos de 60% de cobertura de agua de aquellos con más del 60% con una precisión del 91%. Mediante este modelo se describieron los patrones de inundación de diferentes unidades de paisaje de la región durante los últimos 12 años y se clasificó la región de acuerdo al impacto de los eventos de inundación ordinarios y extraordinarios. Consideramos que esta información puede ayudar a mejorar el conocimiento sobre la hidrodinámica, monitorear el impacto de algunas actividades y desarrollar una planificación regional más sostenible.EEA Concepción del UruguayFil: Durante, Martin. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Concepción del Uruguay; ArgentinaFil: Di Bella, Carlos Marcelo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Clima y Agua; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Métodos Cuantitativos y Sistemas de Información; Argentin

Long-lasting floods buffer the thermal regime of the Pampas

This work was funded by grants from the National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET), the International Research Development Centre [IDRC-Canada, Project 106601-001], ANPCyT [PRH 27 [PICT 2013-2973; PICT 2014-2790], and the Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research [IAI, CRN II 2031], which is supported by the US National Science Foundation[Grant number 448 GEO-0452325]. We thank Dr. Horacio Zagarese from INTECH for the lagoon temperature dataset provided. We thank the anonymous reviewers for their careful reading of our manuscript and their many insightful comments and suggestions.Peer reviewedPostprin

Fire patterns in central semiarid Argentina.

Wildfires can cause severe impacts on the terrestrial ecosystems depending on their frequency and behavior. We studied the environmental factors influencing the spatial and temporal distribution of fires, their size and duration in the central semiarid Argentina. We identified fires using MODIS satellite data and we analyzed their association with climate and land cover/use patterns. Spatial and temporal fire patterns varied between eastern, central and western regions according to the presence of agriculture, shrublands and water deficits, respectively. The frequency and behavior of fires also varied temporally with water conditions. Years with low effective precipitations were characterized by an important hotspot density and fire number, as well as the months preceded by two months with low effective precipitation (r 2: 0.42; p < 0.0001). We observed a spatial delay of fires in a northeast-southwest sense, related to the delay of the spring beginning (r 2: 0.7594; p < 0.0001). The mean fire sizes and duration varied significantly among vegetation types (F: 10.76, p < 0.0001 and F: 3.703, p < 0.01). Fires were bigger in shrublands and longer in shrublands or forests regarding agricultural areas or degraded areas (F: 16.0, p < 0.0001). The results obtained would be useful to prevent/control fires and to preserve natural resources and human communities.Fil: Fischer, M. A.. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación de Recursos Naturales. Instituto de Clima y Agua; ArgentinaFil: Di Bella, Carlos Marcelo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación de Recursos Naturales. Instituto de Clima y Agua; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Jobbágy, Esteban Gabriel. Universidad Nacional de San Luis; Argentin

Regional isoprenoid emission from Eucalyptus grandis forests in northeastern Argentina

Eucalyptus species are strong source of isoprenoid emission. The objective of the present study was to estimate isoprenoid emissions from Eucalyptus grandis forest crops in the Entre Rios province in the Mesopotamia region of Argentina. The emission rates of isoprene and monoterpenes were measured on individual leaves under; controlled environmental conditions. At 30°C and with a PPFD of 1000 μM m-2 s-1 the emission rate of isoprene emission was 12.5 ± 1.9 nM m-2 s-1 and monoterpenes 15.1 ± 3.1 nM m-2 s-1. Emission was significantly affected by leaf position and decreased significantly from East to West. The most abundant compound emitted was limonene, accounting for between 50 and 68% of the total monoterpene emission. The time course of the isoprene emission course showed its strong dependence on light. On sunny days 42% of the isoprene emission comes from top of the canopy and only 2% from bottom of the canopy. But on overcast days, the relative contribution of diffuse radiation may be larger and can exceed the contribution of direct radiation. A model procedure in a Geographic Information System was implemented to estimate isoprene emissions at a regional scale. A forest inventory, data from a meteorological station and leaf area indices derived from satellite data served as inputs for the model. For the Entre Rios province (78781 km2), the isoprene emission totals up to 39.5 t d-1 on a clear summer day. The methodology applied to estimate isoprenoid emissions on a regional scale contributes to the understanding of carbon exchange between biosphere and atmosphereInst. de Clima y AguaFil: Richter, Klaus. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Clima y Agua; ArgentinaFil: Centritto, Mauro. National Research Council. Trees and Timber Institute; ItaliaFil: Di Bella, Carlos Marcelo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Clima y Agua; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Posse Beaulieu, Gabriela. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Clima y Agua; Argentin

Uncertainties in fPAR estimation of grass canopies under different stress situations and differences in architecture

The fraction of intercepted photosynthetic active radiation (fPAR) is a key variable used by the Monteith model to estimate the net primary productivity (NPP). This variable can be assessed by vegetation indices (VIs) derived from spectral remote sensing data but several factors usually affect their relationship. The objectives of this work were to analyse the fPAR dynamics and to describe the relationships between fPAR and several indices (normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), optimized soil adjusted vegetation index (OSAVI), GreenNDVI (GNDVI), visible atmospherically resistant index (VARI) green, VIgreen and red edge position (REP)) under different water and nutrient treatments for two species with different canopy architectures. Two C3 grass species with differences in leaf orientation (planophile and erectophile) were cultivated from seeds in pots. Four treatments were applied combining water and nitrogen availability. Every week, canopy reflectance and fPAR were measured. Aerial biomass was clipped to estimate final above-ground production for each species and treatment. Starting from reflectance values, the indices were calculated. Planophile species have a steeper (but not significantly) slope inVIs-fPAR relationships than the erectophile species. Water and nutrient deficiencies treatment showed no relationship with fPAR in any spectral index in the erectophile species. In the other species, this treatment showed significant relationship according to the index used. Analysing each species individually, treatments did not modify slopes except in one case (planophile species between both treatments with high nitrogen but differing in water availability). Among indices, GNDVI was the best estimator of fPAR for both species, followed by NDVI and OSAVI. Inaccurate results may be obtained from commonly reported spectral relationships if plants' stress factors are not taken into account.Fil: Cristiano, Piedad María. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación de Recursos Naturales. Instituto de Clima y Agua; ArgentinaFil: Posse, G.. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación de Recursos Naturales. Instituto de Clima y Agua; ArgentinaFil: Di Bella, Carlos Marcelo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación de Recursos Naturales. Instituto de Clima y Agua; ArgentinaFil: Jaimes, Florencia Romina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación de Recursos Naturales. Instituto de Clima y Agua; Argentin

Fuegos para energía: una oportunidad económica y ambiental para los bosques secos de Argentina

A medida que las consecuencias ambientales y económicas derivadas del uso de combustibles fósiles se hacen evidentes, los ecosistemas comienzan a ser identificados como fuentes de energía biológica o bioenergía. Si bien la biomasa vegetal fue la principal fuente de energía de la humanidad hasta la revolución industrial, la renovada atención que están recibiendo los ecosistemas terrestres actualmente, compite con una apropiación de alimentos, fibras y productos forestales sin precedentes en la historia del planeta. El auge de los biocombustibles en Argentina, promocionados por la Ley 26.093, puede tener impactos adversos en la producción de alimentos y beneficios climáticos limitados o cuestionables. En este contexto se requieren nuevas perspectivas para identificar qué ecosistemas y qué manejos agronómicos representan las fuentes de energía más atractivas desde el punto de vista de los compromisos entre la generación de energía, la producción de alimentos y la preservación del ambiente. Los fuegos que consumen vegetación constituyen una importante vía de pérdida de energía de los ecosistemas. Nuestras estimaciones sugieren que en Argentina, la generación de electricidad utilizando la biomasa de bosques templados secos -que eventualmente se pierde en incendios- podría contribuir de manera significativa al presupuesto energético y proveer una utilización alternativa a estos ambientes.Fil: Verón, Santiago Ramón. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Centro de Investigaciones de Recursos Naturales. Instituto de Clima y Agua; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario; ArgentinaFil: Jobbagy Gampel, Esteban Gabriel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico San Luis. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis; ArgentinaFil: Di Bella, Carlos Marcelo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Centro de Investigaciones de Recursos Naturales. Instituto de Clima y Agua; ArgentinaFil: Paruelo, José. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomia; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario; Argentin

Performance of real evapotranspiration products and water yield estimations in Uruguay

Real evapotranspiration (ETR) is a key variable in socio-ecological systems since it is related to the food supply, climate regulation, among others. Also, ETR strongly determines the water yield (WY) at the catchment level (water available for consumption or irrigation). In that sense, quantifying ETR and WY fluctuations linked to various human pressures is essential for comprehensive water planning. In the last decades, remote sensing ETR estimations have become increasingly performed worldwide for hydrological monitoring. In Uruguay, there are several attempts to quantify the ETR through different approaches. However, assessments related to the performance of the estimates of different sources/products, particularly from remote sensing, are still lacking. The main objectives of this article were: a) to evaluate the performance of different spatial explicit approaches to estimate real ETR and b) to estimate and analyse the variability in water yield derived from the different ETR sources/products for three climatically contrasting years. To achieve this, we used four remote sensing ETR products (PMLv2, MOD16A2, Jackson et al. 1977 and Di Bella et al. 2000), with different spatial and temporal resolutions (from 500 to 1000-m and 8 to 16-d), and two water balance models at two scales, national (INIA-GRAS) and micro-watershed level (Silveira et al. 2016). Our results suggest that MODIS and PMLv2 remote sensing products demonstrated better performances. Both products have high spatial (500-m) and temporal (8-d) resolution, captured seasonal differences between land-covers and showed positive and high correlations with the annual precipitation and productivity. The differences found between products have direct implications on the WY estimates, not only in the quantity but also in its spatial pattern. Future studies should explore MODIS and PML ETR estimations for understanding hydrological and ecological processes, global climate change research, agricultural drought detection and mitigation, and water resource management.Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovació

Helminth communities of wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus) on the river Avena (Calabria, southern Italy)

Helminth parasites of woodmouse Apodemus sylvaticus were studied from May 1993 through to June 1994 on the River Avena (Calabria, southern Italy), which, as other Mediterranenan rivers, is dry for most of the year. Trapping sites were located in three different habitats of the river: slopes, shores and the riverbed. A total of 106 animals was captured and screened for the presence of helminths. Five endoparasitic species were detected: Corrigia vitta, Rictularia proni, Heligmosomoides polygyrus, Syphacia stroma and S. frederici. Four helminth species were recorded from the riverbed and shore sections, whereas only H. polygyrus and S. frederici were found on the slopes. Syphacia frederici occurred at every trapping site. The total prevalence was 25.5% and total mean intensity was 27.2 parasites/mouse. No statistical significant difference was found for both the prevalence and mean intensity of infection between either habitats or sexes, suggesting that, from the point of view of the helminth community, the study area should be considered as a single habitat

Identificación de campos de precipitación mediante el uso de radares meteorológicos: una alternativa para mejorar las estimaciones espaciales de las lluvias

La interpolación espacial de las observaciones puntuales provenientes de estaciones meteorológicas es una manera recurrente de estimar la precipitación en un determinado sitio. Sin embargo, a medida que se incrementa la distancia al sitio puntual de medición estas estimaciones suelen diferir fuertemente en la cantidad de agua que realmente precipita. Los sensores remotos ópticos a bordo de satélites permiten incrementar la extensión espacial con una adecuada resolución temporal, sin embargo, presentan una baja resolución espacial. Los radares meteorológicos terrestres, por su parte, presentan mayor resolución espacial y temporal, aunque trabajos previos han demostrado un importante desfasaje entre los valores de precipitación estimados y los registrados en pluviómetros. Dada la limitada información puntual de precipitación y su variable distribución en el territorio, la identificación de campos de precipitación (es decir, el área donde efectivamente ocurre el evento precipitante) mediante los radares puede ser una importante alternativa para incrementar la precisión de las estimaciones basadas en interpolaciones convencionales. El objetivo de este trabajo fue delimitar los campos de precipitación a partir de la utilización de la red de radares meteorológicos del INTA con el fin de complementar las estimaciones de lluvia en grandes extensiones del territorio basadas en interpolaciones de datos puntuales. Para ello se consideró un período de análisis que incluyó los meses de octubre y noviembre de 2016 y un total de 8784 imágenes. Se realizó la interpolación espacial de los registros pluviométricos diarios medidos en estaciones meteorológicas y se utilizaron los radares meteorológicos para reconocer la distribución espacial de los eventos de precipitación, calculándose un umbral de detección de precipitación de 3,125 mm. Se delimitaron campos de precipitación y se generó el producto de “Interpolación Espacial utilizando Radar (IER)” a escala diaria y mensual. Se observó que solo en el 55% del área estudiada efectivamente acontecieron eventos de precipitación diaria, por lo que las interpolaciones espaciales convencionales generan una sobreestimación en el área de ocurrencia de este evento. Esto generaría una sobreestimación promedio del agua precipitada en el área de estudio de 91,1 mm y 35,2 mm para los meses de octubre y noviembre respectivamente, lo que podría afectar seriamente la toma de decisiones relacionadas con este recurso. El radar resultó ser una herramienta práctica y complementaria para la delimitación de aquellas zonas en las que se produjo el evento de precipitación y que resultan sobreestimadas por el registro discontinuo en las interpolaciones espaciales, aun más en zonas alejadas de las estaciones meteorológicas.The spatial interpolation of point measurement from meteorological stations is a recurring way of estimating precipitation at a given site. However, as the distance to the specific measurement site increases, these estimates tend to differ greatly in the amount of water that actually precipitates. Optical remote sensors on board satellites allow to increase the spatial extent with an adequate temporal resolution, although they have a low spatial resolution. The terrestrial weather radars present greater spatial and temporal resolution but previous works have shown a significant gap between the estimated precipitation values and those recorded in rain gauges. Given the limited punctual precipitation information and its variable distribution in the territory, the identification of precipitation fields (that is, the area where the precipitating event actually occurs) using radars can be an important alternative to increase the accuracy of the estimates based in conventional interpolations. The objective of this work was to delimit precipitation fields from the use of the INTA weather radar network in order to complement rainfall estimates in large areas of the territory based on data from punctual interpolations. For this, data from October and November 2016 were considered for the analysis, including a total of 8784 images. The spatial interpolation of the daily rainfall records measured at the meteorological stations was performed and the weather radars were used to recognize the spatial distribution of precipitation events. For that, a precipitation detection threshold of 3,125 mm was defined. The precipitation fields were delimited and the product of “Spatial Interpolation using Radar (IER)” was generated on a daily and monthly scale. It was observed that events of daily precipitation actually occurred only in 55% of the studied area, so that conventional spatial interpolations generate an overestimation in the area of occurrence of this event. This would generate a mean overestimation of precipitated water for the study area of 91,1 mm y 35,2 mm for the months of October and November respectively, which could seriously affect the decision-making related to this resource. The radar turned out to be a practical and complementary tool for the delimitation of those areas that were affected by the precipitation event and that are overestimated by the discontinuous recording in the spatial interpolations, even more in distant areas from meteorological stations.Fil: Salvo, Constanza. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Métodos Cuantitativos y Sistemas de Información; ArgentinaFil: Baldassini, Pablo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Métodos Cuantitativos y Sistemas de Información; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; ArgentinaFil: Di Bella, Carlos Marcelo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Métodos Cuantitativos y Sistemas de Información; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin