Optimizing IC engine efficiency: A comprehensive review on biodiesel, nanofluid, and the role of artificial intelligence and machine learning

Transportation and power generation have historically relied upon Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs). However, because of environmental impact and inefficiency, considerable research has been devoted to improving their performance. Alternative fuels are necessary because of environmental concerns and the depletion of non-renewable fuel stocks. Biodiesel has the potential to reduce emissions and improve sustainability when compared to diesel fuel. Several researchers have examined using nanofluids to increase biodiesel performance in internal combustion engines. Due to their thermal and physical properties, nanoparticles in a host fluid improve engine combustion and efficiency. This comprehensive review examines three key areas for improving ICE efficiency: biodiesel as an alternative fuel, application of nanofluids, and artificial intelligence (AI)/machine learning (ML) integration. The integration of AI/ML in nanoparticle-infused biodiesel offers exciting possibilities for optimizing production processes, enhancing fuel properties, and improving engine performance. This article first discusses, the benefits of biodiesel concerning the environment and various difficulties associated with its usage. The review then explores the effects and characteristics of nanofluids in IC engines, aiming to know their impact on engine emissions and performance. After that, this review discusses the utilization of AI/ML techniques in enhancing the biodiesel-nanofluid combustion process. This article sheds light on the ongoing efforts to make ICE technology more environmentally friendly and energy-efficient by examining current research and emerging patterns in these fields. Finally, the review presents the challenges and future perspectives of the field, paving the way for future research and improvement

Stimulation in fullerene for adsorbing pollutant gases: A review

The catalytic activities of fullerene are affected largely by different shapes and surface arrangements influencing catalyst activity and stability a lot. Surface structures of metal oxides (MOs) adsorbed on surfaces of C60-fullerene can show gas sensing properties. Greenhouse gases can be captured and stored on those surfaces. Adsorption of gases on the MOC60 complex is more effective than the direct adsorption of gases on fullerene only. The possibility of morphological structures has been considered in the paper for adsorption of gases like NO2, CO, CO2, N2O on the surface of MO-[60] fullerene. Cu2O, ZnO and NiO metal oxides (MOs) when exposed to [60] fullerene at different sites between rings, MOs occupy different positions. The formation of quasi- rings provides extra stability to the adsorbed molecules thereby helping towards the greener and cleaner environment. In this review we have summarized the more effective adsorption of gases on MO- C60 surface as compared to that of direct adsorption. The morphological changes in the structures are predicted furthermore