“Green Pack” in Function of Green Marketing as a Form of Social Responsibility in Serbia

Green marketing is defined as a partnership of all interested stakeholders to sustainable development. This form of marketing is a relatively new form of social responsibility in Serbia and as such it is subject of this paper. The necessity of integration of green marketing in a social responsible behavior is justified by the fact that purely commercial marketing business ignores the possible conflict between short-term desires and long-term benefits of market entities and society, with regard to global environmental problems. The laws are the lower limits of business and the community social responsibility, which includes green marketing, a higher level. Whereas the National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia in May 2009 adopted 16 laws on environmental protection, that is called the “Green Package”. Laws were passed with the aim of regulating the business and social responsibility and green marketing and development. The aim of this analysis is the “Green Package” as a basis for application of green marketing in Serbia. The work will result in efficiencies that are realized by applying the law of “green package” and point to existing gaps

Ecological responsibility of tourism

Sustainable tourism aims to make tourists achieve their goals in the so-called ecodestinations, while not destroying what attracted them. Ecodestinations attract modern tourists by providing them with a sense of closeness to the environment, natural values and the local community, in accordance with the accepted concept of sustainable development. Ecotourism represents a friendly journey to environment; it emphasizes the observation and preservation of natural habitats and archeological resources, represents a means of environmental protection, ecologically responsible tourism and a way of protecting natural areas that entails economic earnings through the protection of natural resources. The basic principles of ecotourism are minimisation of the negative impacts on nature and culture that can damage the destination, education of travellers about the importance of protection, direct income from protection, as well as management of natural and protected areas. While travellers around the world are looking for travel that is full of activities in nature, cultural and recreational content, ecotourism in Serbia is quite underdeveloped. Positive aspects need to be encouraged and maximized and negative ones mitigated and neutralized in order to achieve ecologically responsible tourism

Microwawe irradiation influence on enzyme kinetics

Kinetic study of microwave (MW) irradiated enzyme pepsin was performed. Decreased enzyme activity was observed, under constant temperature and absorbed MW energy per time unit. In accordance with experimental conditions, Vmax and Km were calculated for irradiated pepsin solutions and compared with control reaction with non-irradiated pepsin.Physical chemistry 2008 : 9th international conference on fundamental and applied aspects of physical chemistry; Belgrade (Serbia); 24-28 September 200

Effects of microwave treated substrate on pepsin reaction kinetics

Microwave (MW) irradiated bovine serum albumin (BSA) and bromphenol blue (BPB) complex was used as substrate for the assay of pepsin by kinetic method. Decreased reaction velocity under absorbed MW energy and constant temperature was observed.Physical chemistry 2008 : 9th international conference on fundamental and applied aspects of physical chemistry; Belgrade (Serbia); 24-28 September 200

Bioinformatics analysis of SARS coronavirus genome polymorphism

BACKGROUND: We have compared 38 isolates of the SARS-CoV complete genome. The main goal was twofold: first, to analyze and compare nucleotide sequences and to identify positions of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), insertions and deletions, and second, to group them according to sequence similarity, eventually pointing to phylogeny of SARS-CoV isolates. The comparison is based on genome polymorphism such as insertions or deletions and the number and positions of SNPs. RESULTS: The nucleotide structure of all 38 isolates is presented. Based on insertions and deletions and dissimilarity due to SNPs, the dataset of all the isolates has been qualitatively classified into three groups each having their own subgroups. These are the A-group with "regular" isolates (no insertions / deletions except for 5' and 3' ends), the B-group of isolates with "long insertions", and the C-group of isolates with "many individual" insertions and deletions. The isolate with the smallest average number of SNPs, compared to other isolates, has been identified (TWH). The density distribution of SNPs, insertions and deletions for each group or subgroup, as well as cumulatively for all the isolates is also presented, along with the gene map for TWH. Since individual SNPs may have occurred at random, positions corresponding to multiple SNPs (occurring in two or more isolates) are identified and presented. This result revises some previous results of a similar type. Amino acid changes caused by multiple SNPs are also identified (for the annotated sequences, as well as presupposed amino acid changes for non-annotated ones). Exact SNP positions for the isolates in each group or subgroup are presented. Finally, a phylogenetic tree for the SARS-CoV isolates has been produced using the CLUSTALW program, showing high compatibility with former qualitative classification. CONCLUSIONS: The comparative study of SARS-CoV isolates provides essential information for genome polymorphism, indication of strain differences and variants evolution. It may help with the development of effective treatment

OTAPANJE AMONIJAČNIH ISPARIVAČA METODOM POTPUNE KONDENZACIJE TOPLOG GASA

Prilikom rada hladnjaka vazduha – isparivača na temperaturama nižim od 0°C dolazi do stvaranja leda na njegovoj površini što smanjuje njegovu efikasnost. U industrijskim amonijačnim postrojenjima čest je slučaj da se pregrejana para sa potisa kompresora koristi kao medijum za otapanje (zbog česte upotrebe izraza topli gas u praksi i njegove jednostavnosti, u nastavku će se koristiti taj termin). U radu je opisan nov pristup otapanja toplim gasom gde se koristi njegova celokupna toplota promene faze tokom trajanja procesa otapanja. Na taj način dolazi do uštede energije, direktnim smanjenjem potrošnje toplog gasa (manja količina gasa se vraća na usis kompresora,) kao i skraćenja vremena otapanja. Polazna tačka pri analizi uštede energije je često primenjivani način otapanja amonijačnih isparivača toplim gasom, kontrolisanog pomoću ventila konstantnog pritiska (pritisno kontrolisano otapanje).Ovaj princip otapanja je da se proces kontroliše preko pritiska koji vlada u isparivaču tokom otapanja, što ne dovodi do potpune kondenzacije toplog gasa. U početku otapanja celokupan protok toplog gasa će se kondenzovati, ali kako proces teče sve će se manja količina kondenzovati, i pred kraj imamo situaciju da je najveći deo protoka čini topli gas (tj. vlažna para, velikog stepena suvoće) koji bespotrebno opterećuje kompresor. Kod otapanja sa potpunom kondenzacijom, proces se ne kontroli- še preko pritiska na već preko stanja gasa na samom izlazu iz isparivača, to jest dozvoljava se da samo tečna faza toplog gasa napusti isparivač. Ovo uzrokuje da kompresor relativno malu količinu gasa (nastalu ekspanzijom tečnosti sa pritiska otapanja na usisni pritisak kompresora) treba ponovo da komprimuje i to umnogome manju ne samo u odnosu na pritisno otapanje već i u odnosu na protok kada je isparivač u režimu hlađenja. Na istom isparivaču i pri istim uslovima rada, mereni su i upoređeni rezultati rada u obe metode otapanja kako bi se dobio merodavan zaključak. Analizom merenih podataka vidi se da je protok toplog gasa manji kod nove metode otapanja kao i da je vreme otapanja skraćeno

The mechanism of the NH4 ion oscillatory transport across the excitable cell membrane

This paper presents results on typical oscillations of the membrane potential induced by the excitation of the cell membrane by different concentrations of the NH4Cl solution. The existence of four classes of oscillations of the membrane potential and several different single and local impulses rhythmically occurring were determined. It is known that the oscillatory processes of the membrane potential are in direct dependence on oscillatory transport processes of NH4 and Cl ions across the excitable cell membrane. A hypothesis on a possible mechanism of oscillatory transport processes of NH4 and Cl ions across the excitable cell membrane is also presented

Bioinformatics analysis of disordered proteins in prokaryotes

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>A significant number of proteins have been shown to be intrinsically disordered, meaning that they lack a fixed 3 D structure or contain regions that do not posses a well defined 3 D structure. It has also been proven that a protein's disorder content is related to its function. We have performed an exhaustive analysis and comparison of the disorder content of proteins from prokaryotic organisms (i.e., superkingdoms Archaea and Bacteria) with respect to functional categories they belong to, i.e., Clusters of Orthologous Groups of proteins (COGs) and groups of COGs-Cellular processes (Cp), Information storage and processing (Isp), Metabolism (Me) and Poorly characterized (Pc).</p> <p>We also analyzed the disorder content of proteins with respect to various genomic, metabolic and ecological characteristics of the organism they belong to. We used correlations and association rule mining in order to identify the most confident associations between specific modalities of the characteristics considered and disorder content.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Bacteria are shown to have a somewhat higher level of protein disorder than archaea, except for proteins in the Me functional group. It is demonstrated that the Isp and Cp functional groups in particular (L-repair function and N-cell motility and secretion COGs of proteins in specific) possess the highest disorder content, while Me proteins, in general, posses the lowest. Disorder fractions have been confirmed to have the lowest level for the so-called order-promoting amino acids and the highest level for the so-called disorder promoters.</p> <p>For each pair of organism characteristics, specific modalities are identified with the maximum disorder proteins in the corresponding organisms, e.g., high genome size-high GC content organisms, facultative anaerobic-low GC content organisms, aerobic-high genome size organisms, etc. Maximum disorder in archaea is observed for high GC content-low genome size organisms, high GC content-facultative anaerobic or aquatic or mesophilic organisms, etc. Maximum disorder in bacteria is observed for high GC content-high genome size organisms, high genome size-aerobic organisms, etc.</p> <p>Some of the most reliable association rules mined establish relationships between high GC content and high protein disorder, medium GC content and both medium and low protein disorder, anaerobic organisms and medium protein disorder, Gammaproteobacteria and low protein disorder, etc. A web site <it>Prokaryote Disorder Database </it>has been designed and implemented at the address <url>http://bioinfo.matf.bg.ac.rs/disorder</url>, which contains complete results of the analysis of protein disorder performed for 296 prokaryotic completely sequenced genomes.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Exhaustive disorder analysis has been performed by functional classes of proteins, for a larger dataset of prokaryotic organisms than previously done. Results obtained are well correlated to those previously published, with some extension in the range of disorder level and clear distinction between functional classes of proteins. Wide correlation and association analysis between protein disorder and genomic and ecological characteristics has been performed for the first time. The results obtained give insight into multi-relationships among the characteristics and protein disorder. Such analysis provides for better understanding of the evolutionary process and may be useful for taxon determination. The main drawback of the approach is the fact that the disorder considered has been predicted and not experimentally established.</p