A note on strictly positive logics and word rewriting systems

We establish a natural translation from word rewriting systems to strictly positive polymodal logics. Thereby, the latter can be considered as a generalization of the former. As a corollary we obtain examples of undecidable strictly positive normal modal logics. The translation has its counterpart on the level of proofs: we formulate a natural deep inference proof system for strictly positive logics generalizing derivations in word rewriting systems. We also formulate some open questions related to the theory of modal companions of superintuitionistic logics that was initiated by L.L. Maximova and V.V. Rybakov.Comment: 9 page

Reflection calculus and conservativity spectra

Strictly positive logics recently attracted attention both in the description logic and in the provability logic communities for their combination of efficiency and sufficient expressivity. The language of Reflection Calculus RC consists of implications between formulas built up from propositional variables and constant `true' using only conjunction and diamond modalities which are interpreted in Peano arithmetic as restricted uniform reflection principles. We extend the language of RC by another series of modalities representing the operators associating with a given arithmetical theory T its fragment axiomatized by all theorems of T of arithmetical complexity $\Pi^0_n$, for all n>0. We note that such operators, in a precise sense, cannot be represented in the full language of modal logic. We formulate a formal system RC$^\nabla$ extending RC that is sound and, as we conjecture, complete under this interpretation. We show that in this system one is able to express iterations of reflection principles up to any ordinal $<\epsilon_0$. On the other hand, we provide normal forms for its variable-free fragment. Thereby, the variable-free fragment is shown to be decidable and complete w.r.t. its natural arithmetical semantics. Whereas the normal forms for the variable-free formulas of RC correspond in a unique way to ordinals below $\epsilon_0$, the normal forms of RC$^\nabla$ are more general. It turns out that they are related in a canonical way to the collections of proof-theoretic ordinals of (bounded) arithmetical theories for each complexity level $\Pi^0_{n+1}$. Finally, we present an algebraic universal model for the variable-free fragment of RC$^\nabla$ based on Ignatiev's Kripke frame. Our main theorem states the isomorphism of several natural representations of this algebra

Topological interpretations of provability logic

Provability logic concerns the study of modality $\Box$ as provability in formal systems such as Peano arithmetic. Natural, albeit quite surprising, topological interpretation of provability logic has been found in the 1970's by Harold Simmons and Leo Esakia. They have observed that the dual $\Diamond$ modality, corresponding to consistency in the context of formal arithmetic, has all the basic properties of the topological derivative operator acting on a scattered space. The topic has become a long-term project for the Georgian school of logic led by Esakia, with occasional contributions from elsewhere. More recently, a new impetus came from the study of polymodal provability logic GLP that was known to be Kripke incomplete and, in general, to have a more complicated behavior than its unimodal counterpart. Topological semantics provided a better alternative to Kripke models in the sense that GLP was shown to be topologically complete. At the same time, new fascinating connections with set theory and large cardinals have emerged. We give a survey of the results on topological semantics of provability logic starting from first contributions by Esakia. However, a special emphasis is put on the recent work on topological models of polymodal provability logic. We also included a few results that have not been published so far, most notably the results of Section 6 (due the second author) and Sections 10, 11 (due to the first author).Comment: 36 page

Some abstract versions of G\"odel's second incompleteness theorem based on non-classical logics

We study abstract versions of G\"odel's second incompleteness theorem and formulate generalizations of L\"ob's derivability conditions that work for logics weaker than the classical one. We isolate the role of contraction rule in G\"odel's theorem and give a (toy) example of a system based on modal logic without contraction invalidating G\"odel's argument.Comment: 16 page

Positive provability logic for uniform reflection principles

We deal with the fragment of modal logic consisting of implications of formulas built up from the variables and the constant `true' by conjunction and diamonds only. The weaker language allows one to interpret the diamonds as the uniform reflection schemata in arithmetic, possibly of unrestricted logical complexity. We formulate an arithmetically complete calculus with modalities labeled by natural numbers and \omega, where \omega corresponds to the full uniform reflection schema, whereas n<\omega corresponds to its restriction to arithmetical \Pi_{n+1}-formulas. This calculus is shown to be complete w.r.t. a suitable class of finite Kripke models and to be decidable in polynomial time.Comment: 34 page

Topological completeness of the provability logic GLP

Provability logic GLP is well-known to be incomplete w.r.t. Kripke semantics. A natural topological semantics of GLP interprets modalities as derivative operators of a polytopological space. Such spaces satisfying all the axioms of GLP are called GLP-spaces. We develop some constructions to build nontrivial GLP-spaces and show that GLP is complete w.r.t. the class of all GLP-spaces

On provability logics with linearly ordered modalities

We introduce the logics GLP(\Lambda), a generalization of Japaridze's polymodal provability logic GLP(\omega) where \Lambda is any linearly ordered set representing a hierarchy of provability operators of increasing strength. We shall provide a reduction of these logics to GLP(\omega) yielding among other things a finitary proof of the normal form theorem for the variable-free fragment of GLP(\Lambda) and the decidability of GLP(\Lambda) for recursive orderings \Lambda. Further, we give a restricted axiomatization of the variable-free fragment of GLP(\Lambda)

Reflection algebras and conservation results for theories of iterated truth

We consider extensions of the language of Peano arithmetic by transfinitely iterated truth definitions satisfying uniform Tarskian biconditionals. Without further axioms, such theories are known to be conservative extensions of the original system of arithmetic. Much stronger systems, however, are obtained by adding either induction axioms or reflection axioms on top of them. Theories of this kind can interpret some well-known predicatively reducible fragments of second-order arithmetic such as iterated arithmetical comprehension. We obtain sharp results on the proof-theoretic strength of these systems using methods of provability logic. Reflection principles naturally define unary operators acting on the semilattice of axiomatizable extensions of our basic theory of iterated truth. The substructure generated by the top element of this algebra provides a canonical ordinal notation system for the class of theories under investigation. Using these notations we obtain conservativity relationships for iterated reflection principles of different logical complexity levels corresponding to the levels of the hyperarithmetical hierarchy, i.e., the analogs of Schmerl's formulas. These relationships, in turn, provide proof-theoretic analysis of our systems and of some related predicatively reducible theories. In particular, we uniformly calculate the ordinals characterizing the standard measures of their proof-theoretic strength, such as provable well-orderings, classes of provably recursive functions, and $\Pi_1^0$-ordinals.Comment: 49 page

A Many-Sorted Variant of Japaridze's Polymodal Provability Logic

We consider a many-sorted variant of Japaridze's polymodal provability logic $\mathsf{GLP}$. In this variant, which is denoted $\mathsf{GLP}^\ast$, propositional variables are assigned sorts $\alpha \leq \omega$, where variables of finite sort $n < \omega$ are interpreted as $\Pi_{n+1}$-sentences of the arithmetical hierarchy, while those of sort $\omega$ range over arbitrary ones. We prove that $\mathsf{GLP}^\ast$ is arithmetically complete with respect to this interpretation. Moreover, we relate $\mathsf{GLP}^\ast$ to its one-sorted counterpart $\mathsf{GLP}$ and prove that the former inherits some well-known properties of the latter, like Craig interpolation and PSpace decidability. We also study a positive variant of $\mathsf{GLP}^\ast$ which allows for an even richer arithmetical interpretation---variables are permitted to range over theories rather than single sentences. This interpretation in turn allows the introduction of a modality that corresponds to the full uniform reflection principle. We show that our positive variant of $\mathsf{GLP}^\ast$ is arithmetically complete.Comment: {A version of this article has been published in the Logic Journal of the IGPL, 26(5): 505--538 (2018

Axiomatizing Origami planes

We provide a variant of an axiomatization of elementary geometry based on logical axioms in the spirit of Huzita--Justin axioms for the Origami constructions. We isolate the fragments corresponding to natural classes of Origami constructions such as Pythagorean, Euclidean, and full Origami constructions. The sets of Origami constructible points for each of the classes of constructions provides the minimal model of the corresponding set of logical axioms. Our axiomatizations are based on Wu's axioms for orthogonal geometry and some modifications of Huzita--Justin axioms. We work out bi-interpretations between these logical theories and theories of fields as described in J.A. Makowsky (2018). Using a theorem of M. Ziegler (1982) which implies that the first order theory of Vieta fields is undecidable, we conclude that the first order theory of our axiomatization of Origami is also undecidable.Comment: 25 page