Entwicklung des Fachkräftebedarfs (Fachkräftebedarf) in ausgewählten Branchen und regionalen Clustern in der Wirtschaftsregion Chemnitz-Zwickau

Mit dem Rückgang und der Alterung der Bevölkerung in Sachsen stellen sich gravierende und neue Problemlagen, die die Zukunftsfähigkeit und die wirtschaftliche Entwicklungsfähigkeit des Freistaates Sachsen nicht unerheblich beeinträchtigen können. Die Wirtschaftsregion Chemnitz-Zwickau verfügt aufgrund ihrer Wirtschaftsstruktur über einen Hebel, das demographische Abstiegsszenario zu konterkarieren. Vom Beschäftigungsaufbau im industriellen Sektor und den unternehmensnahen Dienstleistungen könnte eine positive Dynamik auch auf die anderen Wirtschaftssektoren ausgehen.Arbeitskräfte; Branche; Regionale Konzentration; Wirtschaftsraum; Sachsen

Combining Quantitative Experimental Data with Web Probing: The Case of Individual Solutions for the Division of Labor Between Both Genders

In 2012, a new question was introduced into the International Social Survey Program (ISSP). It asks respondents to indicate what they consider the best division of labor between men and women. In this paper, we propose to assess the validity and cross-national comparability of this new ISSP question, using a mixed-methods approach that combines quantitative experimental data with qualitative probing data. We implemented our experiment in non-probability online surveys in five countries, in which half of the respondents received the original ISSP question and the other half a variant with an additional category saying "Each family should find the solution which works best for them." In addition, the understanding of "individual solutions" was probed. We report on the understanding of this category

Measurement Instruments in Cross-National Surveys (Version 2.0)

This contribution deals with measurement instruments - that is, questionnaires and individual items - employed in international survey research. By international surveys we mean cross-national comparative studies whose concept, implementation, and organisation are shaped by the comparability requirement. We begin by focussing on general aspects of the comparability of international surveys. In the case of problems that occur in all surveys - for example sampling-related problems and nonresponse - we refer the reader to the corresponding thematic contributions in the Survey Guidelines and to the literature. We make a distinction between ensuring the comparability of measurement instruments ex-ante and ex-post - that is, before or after the actual survey is, or has been, conducted. Comparability is established ex ante by means of pretests, for example; it is established ex post within the framework of the data analysis or additional studies. We focus in particular on question translation

De- und Retargeting adenoviraler Vektoren

Im Fokus dieser Arbeit stand die Modifikation des Tropismus von Adenovirus Subtyp 5 (Ad5) durch De- und Retargeting. In Infektions- und Kompetitionsexperimenten mit verschiedenen Dauerzellen und Primärzellen wurden die Wechselwirkungen von Ad5 mit seinen natürlichen Rezeptoren untersucht. Hierbei wurde ein in-vitro 2-Komponenten-Kompetitionssystem etabliert, auf dessen Basis gezeigt werden konnte, dass Ad5 auf allen analysierten Zelllinien neben CAR (Coxsackievirus-Adenovirus-Receptor) und HSPG (Heparansulfatproteoglykane) keine weiteren natürlichen primären Rezeptoren für die Infektion effizient nutzt. Beide Aufnahmemechanismen zeigen einen synergistischen Effekt bei der Vermittlung der Transduktion. Im Rahmen des Detargetings wurden Kontaktaminosäuren modifiziert, die eine Rolle bei der Interaktion mit CAR spielen und im Kontext „pseudogetypter“ Viren untersucht. Die Grundlage zur Herstellung pseudogetypter adenoviraler Partikel war das genomisch fiberlose Konstrukt Ad5.GFP.DF/F+, welches in einem etablierten transienten Transfektions- und Infektionssystem mit modifizierten Fibern phänotypisch mit modifizierten Fibern ausgestattet wurde. Die Daten zeigen, dass der gleichzeitige Austausch der beiden Aminosäuren S408E/P409A innerhalb der Fiber die Interaktion mit CAR soweit herabsetzt, dass auch zusätzliche Modifikationen diesen Effekt nicht weiter verstärken. Auf der Grundlage eines SP-modifizierten Fiberproteins wurden dann verschiedene Peptide mit einer potentiellen Spezifität für koronale glatte Muskelzellen in den exponierten HI-Loop der Fiber eingeführt und der Einfluss dieser Peptide auf die Infektiosität im Kontext „pseudogetypter“ Partikel im 2-Komponenten-Kompetitionssystem untersucht. Da unter diesen Bedingungen eine Infektion über die natürlichen Rezeptoren nicht mehr möglich ist, konnte gefolgert werden, dass eine gesteigerte Transduktionseffizienz durch die Spezifität der inkorporierten Peptide vermittelt wurde. Hierbei konnte ein für glatte Muskelzellen spezifisches Peptid und ein RGD-artiges Peptid identifiziert werden, welches die Transduktionseffizienz von Ad5 gegenüber allen getesteten Zelllinien signifikant erhöhte. Somit konnte gezeigt werden, dass ein Retargeting durch Einführung Zelltyp-spezifischer Peptide möglich ist und von den natürlichen Rezeptoren unabhängige Infektionswege von adenoviralen Vektoren genutzt werden können. Im Rahmen der gewählten experimentellen Bedingungen lagen die durch die spezifischen Peptide vermittelten Transduktionseffizienzen in Abwesenheit der natürlichen Rezeptorinteraktionen in einem Bereich von 3 – 7 %. Es wäre deshalb in weiteren Experimenten zu prüfen ob eine Steigerung der Vektordosis zu einer Steigerung der Transduktionseffizienz auf ein gentherapeutisch relevanten Maß führt und die spezifischen Rezeptoren in ausreichender Menge von den Zielzellen exprimiert werden

Asking probing questions in web surveys: which factors have an impact on the quality of responses?

Cognitive interviewing is a well-established method for evaluating and improving a questionnaire prior to fielding. However, its present implementation brings with it some challenges, notably in terms of small sample sizes or the possibility of interviewer effects. In this study, the authors test web surveys through nonprobability online panels as a supplemental means to implement cognitive interviewing techniques. The overall goal is to tackle the above-mentioned challenges. The focus in this article is on methodological features that pave the way for an eventual successful implementation of category-selection probing in web surveys. The study reports on the results of 1,023 respondents from Germany. In order to identify implementation features that lead to a high number of meaningful answers, the authors explore the effects of (1) different panels, (2) different probing variants, and (3) different numbers of preceding probes on answer quality. The overall results suggest that category-selection probing can indeed be implemented in web surveys. Using data from two panels - a community panel where members can actively get involved, for example, by creating their own polls, and a "conventional" panel where answering surveys is the members' only activity - the authors find that high community involvement does not increase the likelihood to answer probes or produce longer statements. Testing three probing variants that differ in wording and provided context, the authors find that presenting the context of the probe (i.e., the probed item and the respondent's answer) produces a higher number of meaningful answers. Finally, the likelihood to answer a probe decreases with the number of preceding probes. However, the word count of those who eventually answer the probes slightly increases with an increasing number of probes. (author's abstract

Cognitive probes in web surveys: on the effect of different text box size and probing exposure on response quality

In this study, we explore to what extent the visual presentation of open-ended probes, in connection with different prior probing exposure, impacts on response quality. We experiment with two text box sizes for a specific immigrant probe (Which type of immigrants were you thinking of when you answered the question?). On the one hand, we use a standard size equal to the other text box sizes in the survey but oversized for the specific response task. On the other hand, we use a smaller text box which fits the response task. The other probes in the survey that use the standard text box are mainly category-selection probes that ask for a reasoning for the chosen answer value. Due to randomized rotation of questions, respondents receive different numbers of category-selection probes prior to the immigrant probe, resulting in different degrees of exposure to category-selection probing prior to the immi-grant probe. For the immigrant probe, we find that respondents who receive the standard text box and who have had a high exposure to category-selection probing are more likely to provide mismatching answers: The mismatch consists of not answering the specific immigrant probe but rather providing a reasoning answer as typically expected for a category-selection probe. Thus, previous experience with probing in the questionnaire can override the actual probe wording. This problem can be minimized by considering possible carryover effects of prior probes and using an appropriate survey design strategy

Item comparability in cross-national surveys: results from asking probing questions in cross-national web surveys about attitudes towards civil disobedience

This article focuses on assessing item comparability in cross-national surveys by asking probing questions in Web surveys. The "civil disobedience" item from the "rights in a democracy" scale of the International Social Survey Program (ISSP) serves as a substantive case study. Identical Web surveys were fielded in Canada (English-speaking), Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Spain, and the U.S. A category-selection and a comprehension probe, respectively, were incorporated into the Web surveys after the closed-ended "civil disobedience" item. Responses to the category selection-probe reveal that notably in Germany, Hungary, and Spain the detachment of politicians from the people and their lack of responsiveness is deplored. Responses to the comprehension probe show that mainly in the U.S. and Canada violence and/or destruction are associated with civil disobedience. These results suggest reasons for the peculiar statistical results found for the "civil disobedience" item in the ISSP study. On the whole, Web probing proves to be a valuable tool for identifying interpretation differences and potential bias in cross-national survey research

Web probing - implementing probing techniques from cognitive interviewing in web surveys with the goal to assess the validity of survey questions (Version 1.0)

Web probing - that is, the implementation of probing techniques from cognitive interviewing in web surveys with the goal to assess the validity of survey items - has recently found its way into the toolbox of (cross-cultural) survey methodologists. These guidelines present the origins of web probing, its developments, the current knowledge on its implementation, analysis possibilities and tips for the implementation of web probing in the cross-cultural context. These guidelines summarize the main findings from two research projects on web probing funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG). Wherever possible and existing, findings from other research groups supplement this overview.Unter Web Probing ist der Einsatz von Probing-Techniken, die ihren Ursprung in kognitiven Interviews haben, in Online-Umfragen zum Zwecke der Validitätstestung zu verstehen. Die Methode ist noch relativ neu, breitet sich aber stetig in der (interkulturellen) Forschungscommunity aus. In diesen Guidelines werden folgende Themen behandelt: Ursprünge des Web Probing, seine (Weiter-)Entwicklungen, das derzeitige Wissen zur Implementierung, Analysemöglichkeiten und Tipps für den Einsatz der Methode im interkulturellen Kontext. Diese Guidelines fassen das Wissen aus zwei DFG-geförderten Forschungsprojekten zusammen. Wenn möglich und bereits vorhanden, komplementieren die Ergebnisse weiterer Forschungsgruppen diese Guidelines

Testing the Validity of Gender Ideology Items by Implementing Probing Questions in Web Surveys

This article examines the use of probing techniques in web surveys to identify validity problems of items. Conventional cognitive interviewing is usually based on small sample sizes and thus precludes quantifying the findings in a meaningful way or testing small or special subpopulations characterized by their response behavior. This article investigates probing in web surveys as a supplementary way to look at item validity. Data come from a web survey in which respondents were asked to give reasons for selecting a response category for a closed question. The web study was conducted in Germany, with respondents drawn from online panels (n = 1,023). The usefulness of the proposed approach is shown by revealing validity problems with a gender ideology item