The Modulatory Effects of Aqueous Extract of the Plant Biebersteinia Multifida on the Gastric Acid Level and Intestinal Cytokines in Ulcerative Colitis Model

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic disease of the gastrointestinal tract with unknown etiology, which includes crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (UC). Because an effective treatment has not been found so far, the present study was designed to investigate the effects of aqueous extracts of Biebersteinia multifida plant on inflammatory changes of the colon following acetic acid- induced ulcerative colitis in male rats. METHODS: In this experimental study, 32 male wistar rats weighing 200-250 g were used in vivo. Animals were randomly assigned into four groups (each group consisting of 8 rats): 1- Intact; 2- Acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis; 3- Biebersteinia multifida aqueous extract (200 mg /Kg); 4- Sulfasalazine treatment group (500 Mg /kg). In each group, the amount of gastric acid and intestinal TNF-α and IL-10 cytokines were measured at 8 days after of ulcerative colitis induction. FINDINGS: The concentration of gastric acid in the induction group of colitis was 2/4533 ± 0.95 mEq / 15 min, which in the treatment group with Biebersteinia multifida extract decreased the level of gastric acid to 0.4400 ± 0.17 (p = 0.000). Also, TNF-α changes in the colitis and extract group were 279.68±42.71 and 160.35±28.79, respectively, which was significant (p=0.000). The concentration of IL-10 in the colitis group was 349.75±31.89, which increased to 353.75±66.46 after injection of the extract (p=0.015). CONCLUSION: The results showed that aqueous extract of Biebersteinia multifida in a dose of 200 mg / kg has an effect on colon inflammation and it can be improved

Structured planning of Yazd Educational Development Centre in conducting empowering workshops for academics during summer holiday

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E‌F‌F‌E‌C‌T O‌F O‌P‌E‌N‌I‌N‌G O‌N T‌H‌E L‌A‌T‌E‌R‌A‌L S‌T‌I‌F‌F‌N‌E‌S‌S O‌F M‌A‌S‌O‌N‌R‌Y W‌A‌L‌L‌S W‌I‌T‌H A‌N‌D W‌I‌T‌H‌O‌U‌T C‌O‌N‌C‌R‌E‌T‌E T‌I‌E‌S

N‌e‌c‌e‌s‌s‌i‌t‌y f‌o‌r m‌a‌k‌i‌n‌g o‌p‌e‌n‌i‌n‌g‌s i‌n m‌a‌s‌o‌n‌r‌y w‌a‌l‌l‌s d‌u‌e t‌o a‌r‌c‌h‌i‌t‌e‌c‌t‌u‌r‌a‌l c‌o‌n‌s‌i‌d‌e‌r‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s j‌u‌s‌t‌i‌f‌i‌e‌s a c‌o‌m‌p‌r‌e‌h‌e‌n‌s‌i‌v‌e s‌t‌u‌d‌y t‌o h‌a‌v‌e a t‌h‌o‌r‌o‌u‌g‌h u‌n‌d‌e‌r‌s‌t‌a‌n‌d‌i‌n‌g o‌f t‌h‌e b‌e‌h‌a‌v‌i‌o‌r o‌f m‌a‌s‌o‌n‌r‌y w‌a‌l‌l‌s w‌i‌t‌h o‌p‌e‌n‌i‌n‌g‌s. B‌a‌s‌e‌d o‌n s‌i‌z‌e a‌n‌d p‌l‌a‌c‌e o‌f a‌n o‌p‌e‌n‌i‌n‌g, d‌i‌f‌f‌e‌r‌e‌n‌t m‌o‌d‌e‌s o‌f f‌a‌i‌l‌u‌r‌e m‌a‌y d‌e‌v‌e‌l‌o‌p w‌i‌t‌h‌i‌n t‌h‌e b‌o‌d‌y o‌f w‌a‌l‌l. F‌a‌i‌l‌u‌r‌e a‌r‌o‌u‌n‌d t‌h‌e o‌p‌e‌n‌i‌n‌g c‌a‌n g‌o‌v‌e‌r‌n t‌h‌e t‌o‌t‌a‌l l‌a‌t‌e‌r‌a‌l b‌e‌h‌a‌v‌i‌o‌r o‌f a m‌a‌s‌o‌n‌r‌y w‌a‌l‌l. I‌f t‌h‌e p‌i‌e‌r b‌e‌s‌i‌d‌e‌s a‌n o‌p‌e‌n‌i‌n‌g i‌s t‌o‌o s‌l‌e‌n‌d‌e‌r, i‌n-p‌l‌a‌n‌e o‌r o‌u‌t-o‌f-p‌l‌a‌n‌e b‌u‌c‌k‌l‌i‌n‌g m‌i‌g‌h‌t o‌c‌c‌u‌r d‌u‌e t‌o l‌a‌r‌g‌e c‌o‌m‌p‌r‌e‌s‌s‌i‌o‌n i‌n s‌u‌c‌h c‌o‌m‌p‌o‌n‌e‌n‌t‌s u‌n‌d‌e‌r o‌v‌e‌r‌t‌u‌r‌n‌i‌n‌g m‌o‌m‌e‌n‌t o‌f w‌a‌l‌l. S‌i‌n‌c‌e a l‌a‌r‌g‌e o‌p‌e‌n‌i‌n‌g r‌e‌d‌u‌c‌e‌s t‌h‌e e‌f‌f‌e‌c‌t‌i‌v‌e h‌o‌r‌i‌z‌o‌n‌t‌a‌l s‌e‌c‌t‌i‌o‌n a‌r‌e‌a o‌f a m‌a‌s‌o‌n‌r‌y w‌a‌l‌l, s‌h‌e‌a‌r f‌a‌i‌l‌u‌r‌e i‌n t‌h‌e s‌h‌a‌p‌e o‌f l‌o‌n‌g a‌n‌d w‌i‌d‌e d‌i‌a‌g‌o‌n‌a‌l c‌r‌a‌c‌k‌s m‌i‌g‌h‌t g‌o‌v‌e‌r‌n t‌h‌e l‌a‌t‌e‌r‌a‌l b‌e‌h‌a‌v‌i‌o‌r. O‌n t‌h‌e o‌t‌h‌e‌r h‌a‌n‌d, i‌f n‌o s‌u‌f‌f‌i‌c‌i‌e‌n‌t d‌e‌p‌t‌h r‌e‌m‌a‌i‌n‌s f‌o‌r t‌h‌e l‌i‌n‌t‌e‌l a‌b‌o‌v‌e a t‌a‌l‌l o‌p‌e‌n‌i‌n‌g, t‌h‌e w‌a‌l‌l m‌i‌g‌h‌t f‌a‌i‌l b‌e‌c‌a‌u‌s‌e o‌f s‌h‌e‌a‌r o‌r b‌e‌n‌d‌i‌n‌g f‌a‌i‌l‌u‌r‌e o‌f t‌h‌e l‌i‌n‌t‌e‌l a‌s a l‌o‌c‌a‌l b‌e‌h‌a‌v‌i‌o‌r. I‌n t‌h‌i‌s s‌t‌u‌d‌y, l‌a‌t‌e‌r‌a‌l r‌e‌s‌p‌o‌n‌s‌e o‌f m‌a‌s‌o‌n‌r‌y w‌a‌l‌l‌s w‌i‌t‌h o‌p‌e‌n‌i‌n‌g‌s i‌s s‌t‌u‌d‌i‌e‌d. T‌h‌e n‌u‌m‌e‌r‌i‌c‌a‌l m‌o‌d‌e‌l‌i‌n‌g a‌n‌d a‌n‌a‌l‌y‌s‌i‌s i‌s f‌o‌l‌l‌o‌w‌e‌d a‌n‌d t‌h‌e d‌e‌v‌e‌l‌o‌p‌e‌d m‌o‌d‌e‌l‌s a‌r‌e v‌a‌l‌i‌d‌a‌t‌e‌d u‌s‌i‌n‌g a‌v‌a‌i‌l‌a‌b‌l‌e e‌x‌p‌e‌r‌i‌m‌e‌n‌t‌a‌l r‌e‌s‌u‌l‌t‌s. S‌a‌m‌p‌l‌e‌s s‌e‌l‌e‌c‌t‌e‌d f‌o‌r v‌a‌l‌i‌d‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n a‌n‌a‌l‌y‌s‌i‌s i‌n‌c‌l‌u‌d‌e t‌w‌o m‌a‌s‌o‌n‌r‌y w‌a‌l‌l‌s c‌o‌n‌f‌i‌n‌e‌d w‌i‌t‌h r‌e‌i‌n‌f‌o‌r‌c‌e‌d c‌o‌n‌c‌r‌e‌t‌e p‌e‌r‌i‌m‌e‌t‌e‌r t‌i‌e‌s a‌n‌d o‌n‌e m‌a‌s‌o‌n‌r‌y w‌a‌l‌l w‌i‌t‌h n‌o t‌i‌e‌s. V‌a‌l‌i‌d‌i‌t‌y o‌f t‌h‌e n‌u‌m‌e‌r‌i‌c‌a‌l m‌o‌d‌e‌l‌s h‌a‌s b‌e‌e‌n e‌s‌t‌a‌b‌l‌i‌s‌h‌e‌d a‌g‌a‌i‌n‌s‌t t‌h‌e e‌x‌p‌e‌r‌i‌m‌e‌n‌t‌a‌l s‌a‌m‌p‌l‌e‌s w‌i‌t‌h‌i‌n A‌b‌a‌q‌u‌s s‌o‌f‌t‌w‌a‌r‌e u‌s‌i‌n‌g n‌o‌n‌l‌i‌n‌e‌a‌r s‌t‌a‌t‌i‌c a‌n‌a‌l‌y‌s‌i‌s. V‌a‌r‌i‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s i‌n t‌h‌e s‌i‌z‌e, l‌o‌c‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n a‌n‌d a‌s‌p‌e‌c‌t r‌a‌t‌i‌o o‌f t‌h‌e o‌p‌e‌n‌i‌n‌g a‌r‌e t‌a‌k‌e‌n i‌n‌t‌o a‌c‌c‌o‌u‌n‌t a‌n‌d t‌h‌e l‌a‌t‌e‌r‌a‌l s‌t‌i‌f‌f‌n‌e‌s‌s a‌n‌d s‌t‌r‌e‌n‌g‌t‌h o‌f t‌h‌e w‌a‌l‌l‌s a‌r‌e c‌a‌l‌c‌u‌l‌a‌t‌e‌d. I‌n a‌d‌d‌i‌t‌i‌o‌n, a s‌e‌r‌i‌e‌s o‌f e‌q‌u‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s h‌a‌v‌e b‌e‌e‌n d‌e‌v‌e‌l‌o‌p‌e‌d b‌a‌s‌e‌d o‌n t‌h‌e s‌t‌r‌e‌n‌g‌t‌h o‌f m‌a‌t‌e‌r‌i‌a‌l‌s f‌o‌r s‌i‌m‌p‌l‌e c‌a‌l‌c‌u‌l‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n o‌f l‌a‌t‌e‌r‌a‌l s‌t‌i‌f‌f‌n‌e‌s‌s, s‌t‌r‌e‌n‌g‌t‌h a‌n‌d d‌u‌c‌t‌i‌l‌i‌t‌y o‌f m‌a‌s‌o‌n‌r‌y w‌a‌l‌l‌s w‌i‌t‌h o‌p‌e‌n‌i‌n‌g. T‌h‌i‌s h‌a‌s t‌h‌e i‌m‌p‌o‌r‌t‌a‌n‌t a‌d‌v‌a‌n‌t‌a‌g‌e o‌f a‌v‌o‌i‌d‌i‌n‌g c‌o‌m‌p‌l‌e‌x a‌n‌d t‌i‌m‌e c‌o‌n‌s‌u‌m‌i‌n‌g 3D n‌o‌n‌l‌i‌n‌e‌a‌r f‌i‌n‌i‌t‌e-e‌l‌e‌m‌e‌n‌t a‌n‌a‌l‌y‌s‌i‌s f‌o‌r t‌h‌e s‌a‌m‌e p‌u‌r‌p‌o‌s‌e. T‌o d‌o t‌h‌i‌s t‌a‌s‌k, t‌h‌r‌e‌e d‌i‌f‌f‌e‌r‌e‌n‌t c‌a‌s‌e‌s o‌f f‌a‌i‌l‌u‌r‌e a‌r‌e a‌c‌c‌o‌u‌n‌t‌e‌d f‌o‌r t‌h‌e w‌a‌l‌l‌s i‌n‌c‌l‌u‌d‌i‌n‌g: w‌h‌e‌n p‌r‌e‌s‌e‌n‌c‌e o‌f t‌h‌e o‌p‌e‌n‌i‌n‌g i‌s n‌o‌t e‌f‌f‌e‌c‌t‌i‌v‌e, w‌h‌e‌n b‌e‌h‌a‌v‌i‌o‌r o‌f t‌h‌e t‌w‌o p‌i‌e‌r‌s b‌e‌s‌i‌d‌e‌s t‌h‌e o‌p‌e‌n‌i‌n‌g i‌s g‌o‌v‌e‌r‌n‌i‌n‌g, a‌n‌d w‌h‌e‌n t‌h‌e o‌v‌e‌r‌h‌e‌a‌d l‌i‌n‌t‌e‌l g‌o‌v‌e‌r‌n‌s t‌h‌e l‌a‌t‌e‌r‌a‌l b‌e‌h‌a‌v‌i‌o‌r o‌f w‌a‌l‌l. E‌a‌c‌h o‌f t‌h‌e m‌e‌n‌t‌i‌o‌n‌e‌d c‌a‌s‌e‌s i‌s i‌n t‌u‌r‌n d‌i‌v‌i‌d‌e‌d i‌n‌t‌o o‌t‌h‌e‌r s‌u‌b-c‌a‌s‌e‌s a‌n‌d s‌e‌v‌e‌r‌a‌l n‌o‌n‌l‌i‌n‌e‌a‌r f‌i‌n‌i‌t‌e-e‌l‌e‌m‌e‌n‌t a‌n‌a‌l‌y‌s‌e‌s a‌r‌e u‌n‌d‌e‌r‌t‌a‌k‌e‌n. R‌e‌s‌u‌l‌t‌s o‌f t‌h‌e d‌e‌v‌e‌l‌o‌p‌e‌d a‌n‌a‌l‌y‌t‌i‌c‌a‌l e‌q‌u‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s a‌r‌e c‌o‌m‌p‌a‌r‌e‌d a‌n‌d c‌a‌l‌i‌b‌r‌a‌t‌e‌d w‌i‌t‌h t‌h‌o‌s‌e o‌f t‌h‌e f‌i‌n‌i‌t‌e-e‌l‌e‌m‌e‌n‌t a‌n‌a‌l‌y‌s‌i‌s a‌n‌d t‌h‌e d‌e‌s‌i‌r‌a‌b‌l‌e a‌c‌c‌u‌r‌a‌c‌y o‌f t‌h‌e r‌e‌l‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s d‌e‌v‌e‌l‌o‌p‌e‌d i‌n t‌h‌i‌s s‌t‌u‌d‌y i‌s c‌o‌n‌f‌i‌r‌m‌e‌d

Diagnostic value of colposcopy for identifying precancerous lesions of cervix in patients with abnormal pap smear

Background: Cervical carcinoma was among the most common neoplasm of females. Screening and diagnostics tests are widely used to identify the precancerous lesions. The present study was conducted to determine the diagnostic value of colposcopy for identifying precancerous lesions of cervix in patients with abnormal pap smear referring to ShabihKhani hospital in Kashan during an academic year. Materials and methods: This clinical trail was performed on 100 females with abnormal pap smear. They all underwent colposcopy and punch biopsy. They were assigned in two groups of positive negative according to the findings of colposcopy and biopsy. Results : The mean age of the candidates was 44.6±13.3 years. Colposcopy has a sensitivity of 79.2 and specificity of 63.8. Positive and negative predictive values were 71.2 and 73.2, respectively the total accuracy of the colposcopy was 72. Colposcopy has shown higher sensitivity for high grade lesions. Conclusion : Results have revealed that colposcopy could not identify precancerous lesions regardless of punch biopsy and cytology. With respect to the adequate sensitivity of colposcopy in high grade lesions, one could only rely on colposcopy findings when it reveals a high grade lesion. This screening technique is valuable for patient follow up in low grade lesions and diagnose of high grade lesion before the therapeutic approac

Investigating the effect of the number of end-panel studs on the seismic properties of cold-formed light-steel shear-panel braces

Detailed investigation of the effect of the number of end-panel studs on the seismic properties of light-steel shear-panel braces in cold-formed steel frames and in particular the associated response modification coefficients (R) factor, are presented in this paper. A total of 6 full-scale 1200×2400 mm specimens are considered, and the responses investigated under a standard cyclic loading regime. Of particular interest are the specimens’ maximum lateral load capacity and deformation behavior as well as a rational estimation of the seismic response modification factor. The study also looks at the failure modes of the system and investigates the main factors contributing to the ductile response of the tested shear-panel braces in order to suggest improvements so that braces respond plastically with a significant drift and without any risk of brittle failure, such as connection failure or stud buckling

Misoprostol abortion: Ultrasonography versus beta-hCG testing for verification of effectiveness

Background and Objective: Miscarriage is a common complication of early pregnancy with medical and psychological consequences. Dilation and Curettage are considered as two standard caring ways for early pregnancy failure. Alternatively misoprostol has been used as a single agent for termination of early pregnancy. Aim of the present study was to compare the usefulness of serum β-hCG measurement and ultrasound examination to predict complete abortion after medical induction. Methods: There were one hundred and thirty three patients experiencing missed abortion or blighted ovum. Ultrasound examination and serum β-hCG test were performed before treatment and during followup in all these patients. Results: Treatment was successful without any need for surgical intervention in 92.4 of the cases. Both methods could verify the complete abortion among all the patients at the end of the study (4th week). Kappa agreement coefficient for the two methods of diagnosis was 0.327 (P < 0.5). Conclusion: Based on our results, β- hCG is as effective as ultrasound in confirming a successful medically induced abortion in early pregnancy, but it should be used as supplements to clinical assessments

Relation between Cognitive Structures and Critical Thinking of Medical Sciences\' Students

Introduction:Mastery of critical thinking skills is one of the aims of higher education. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relation between the richness of the cognitive structure and critical thinking. Methods: This study was a descriptive study that was carried out &nbsp;among the students of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences. The sample size was 5700 students and 382 questionnaires were analyzed, randomly. Sampling was randomly stratified. Collecting data was done by critical thinking questionnaire and cognitive structure questionnaire in the five-item Likert scale (strongly agree to strongly disagree) and the Cronbach alpha was 0.86 and 0.81, respectively. Analysis of data was performed using descriptive statistics and Kruskal Wallis test and linear regression, SPSS V.16&nbsp; was used to analyse he data. Results: : The relationship between cognitive structure and critical thinking was meaningful and it was measured by Pearson correlation coefficient (0.513) through p-value P<0.001. Cognitive structure and critical thinking of the students improved by the inceasing level of their education. Conclusion:&nbsp;&nbsp;Training the proper and targeted study and also training of extensive studies of non-academic sourses in different fields should be put in the curriculum in education system

Effect of episiotomy on perineal laceration in primparous women referring to Shabihkhani maternity hospital, Kashan city, Iran

Background: Considering the application of episiotomy technique for all the primiparous patients referring to Shabihkhani maternity hospital at Kashan city and the complications of this technique (e.g. hematoma, third and fourth degree laceration), this study was carried out to compare the extent of perineal laceration in primparous women in the absence or presence of this technique during 2005-6. Materials & Methods: This clinical trial study was carried out on two groups of term primiparous women (No=180) with a cephalic fetal presentation and an estimated fetal weight of 2500-3500 g. The length of posterior or anterior perineal laceration and the lacerations requiring repair were compared in both groups using T, Exact Fisher and X2 statistic tests. In addition, multiple logistic regression analysis was used to express simultaneity factor effects. Results: In case group 44.4% of the deliveries were without laceration and 55.6% with a posterior perineal laceration (P<0.001). The mean length of posterior perineal laceration in case and control group was 2.15±2.47 cm and 6.98±1.51 cm, respectively (P<0.001). The mean score for second-degree laceration length in case and control group was 6.64±0.89 cm and 7.00±1.52 cm, respectively (P=0.18). In case group, 14 (7.8%) out of 22 (12.2%) cases of anterior laceration needed to be repaired (P<0.001). Conclusion: Delivery in the absence of episiotomy can lead to a reduction in the frequency of perineal laceration the length of laceration in case group was smaller than that in the control group

Assessment of face validity of final exams: a performance for report

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Evaluation Of The Nonlinear Static Behavior Of Unstiffened Steel Plate Shear Walls With/Without Openings

Although steel plate shear walls have been used to resist lateral loads in recent decades, its complex behavior has brought about difficulties in employing this system. In this study, the lateral behavior of unstiffened steel plate shear walls is investigated via nonlinear static analysis (i.e., pushover analysis). Three different special steel moment frames having 1, 5, and 10 stories are designed based on the codes criteria. Then, the finite element models incorporating both the plastic behavior of steel material and large displacement of the steel plate due to buckling are developed as exact models. In addition, simplified equivalent strip models are created as a more practical code-based approach to modeling for comparison against the exact method. The effects of different parameters including applying gravitational loads, the lateral loads distribution pattern, modeling technique, and rectangular opening in shear wall panel are evaluated. Results of the analyses show that in monotonic loading, results of the strip model are consistent with those of the more rigorous finite element model; of note, results of the former were achieved faster than the latter. Also, it is observed that use of the design method promoted by the design code results in the formation of plastic hinges first on the columns rather than walls. When the wall contains rectangular openings, it is shown that they must be accompanied with perimeter stiffeners on the edges of the opening. Otherwise, a large stress concentration would occur at the corners of the opening. Even with the peripheral stiffeners, the presence of an opening reduces the lateral stiffness and strength of the wall system more or less linearly with regard to variation in the opening size. Eventually, semi-analytical relations are proposed to estimate the lateral stiffness and strength reduction due to the presence of an opening