Small Bites: Star formation recipes in extreme dwarfs

We study the relationship between the gas column density (Sigma_HI) and the star formation rate surface density (Sigma_SFR) for a sample of extremely small (M_B ~ -13, Delta V_50 ~ 30 km/s) dwarf irregular galaxies. We find a clear stochasticity in the relation between the gas column density and star formation. All gas with Sigma_HI >~ 10 M_sun/pc^2 has some ongoing star formation, but the fraction of gas with ongoing star formation decreases as the gas column density decreases, and falls to about 50% at Sigma_HI ~ 3 M_sun/pc^2. Further, even for the most dense gas, the star formation efficiency is at least a factor of ~ 2 smaller than typical of star forming regions in spirals. We also find that the ratio of H-alpha emission to FUV emission increases with increasing gas column density. This is unlikely to be due to increasing dust extinction because the required dust to gas ratios are too high. We suggest instead that this correlation arises because massive (i.e. H-alpha producing) stars are formed preferentially in regions with high gas density.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures, 1 table. Accepted for publication in MNRAS Letters. The definitive version is available at www.blackwell- synergy.co

Antipsychotic medication side effects knowledge amongst registered mental health nurses in England: A national survey

© 2020 The Authors. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd What is known on the subject?: Research findings indicate the percentage of knowledge-related errors in medicines management is high, accounting for approximately 75% of all errors, with insufficient knowledge levels one of the most significant contributors of medication errors. Patients should be able to trust nurses to engage therapeutically and actively listen to their needs and concerns, responding using skills that are helpful, providing information that is clear, accurate, meaningful and free from jargon. However, without knowledge of pharmacology, it is impossible for nurses to be able to provide adequate advice. What the paper adds to the existing knowledge?: This study has examined an area that had not yet been systematically examined previously, which draws together previous research findings on mental health nurses' knowledge of adverse events, including side effects and medication errors, related to antipsychotic medication within NHS inpatient settings. What are the implications for practice?: A recent study has found that almost three-quarters (73%) of patients taking antipsychotic medication reported side effects to some degree. This high number of people experiencing antipsychotic medication side effects is likely to compromise care, especially in situations where nurses have inadequate knowledge of side effects and are unable to provide effective advice to patients. The findings from this study allow the mental health nursing profession an opportunity to reflect on the best means to increase knowledge and increase patient safety awareness and benefits for mental health service users. Abstract: Introduction Antipsychotic medications play a significant role in the treatment and recovery of people with several psychiatric disorders. However, research findings indicate mental health nurses are insufficiently knowledgeable about antipsychotic medication side effects. Aim To assess practising mental health nurses' knowledge of antipsychotic medication side effects using a Multiple-Choice Questionnaire (MCQ) across National Health Service (NHS) Trusts in England. Hypothesis Knowledge of antipsychotic medication side effects amongst registered mental health nurses is related to their academic qualification, clinical banding and length of experience. Method A national survey of registered mental health nurses was carried out using an online questionnaire which was disseminated by Research and Development departments. Results A total of 504 questionnaires were returned, 245 of which had full data and further analysed. The mean score for the sample was 14.4 and only 21 participants attained a mark of >80%. Implications for Practice Two out of three of our hypotheses (that length of experience and clinical banding are directly related to knowledge of antipsychotic medication side effects) were supported. Our study found many nurses have a suboptimal working knowledge of antipsychotic medication side effects which has the potential to compromise care. Strategies need to be put in place to enhance pharmacology knowledge

A STUDY ON DIFFERENT PELLET FORMATION TECHNIQUES AND ITS EVALUATION PARAMETERS-A REVIEW

This review article deals with the various pelletization techniques utilized in the pharmaceutical industry for spheroidal particle production i.e., pellet for mainly oral administration which can be further formulated into several other dosage forms such as tablets, capsules or can be administered as such. Now-a-days oral administration has become the most versatile, convenient and common route of drug administration which ultimately focuses on patient compliance. The technique which is setting horizon in pelletization is “Extrusion Spheronization” because of its simple and easy steps involved in pellet production in a faster way. This review also includes the characterization and evaluation of pellets to ensure its quality, safety and efficacy to give out the required therapeutic activity after administration

Studij četiri- i više-dimenzijskih kozmoloških modela u Lyrovoj geometriji

Exact cosmological solutions for spherically symmetric models, both in four and higher dimensions are obtained within the framework of Lyra geometry. It is observed that there is no singularity at finite past in our four-dimensional model. For the five-dimensional model, the diminision of extra dimension with the evolution of the Universe is exhibited. The physical behaviour of the models is examined in vacuum (for the four-dimensional case) and in the presence of perfect fluids (for both four- and five-dimensional models).U okviru Lyrove geometrije izvodimo točna kozmološka rješenja za sferno-simetrične modele u četiri i više dimenzija. U našem 4-dimenzijskom modelu ne nalazi se singularnost u konačnoj prošlosti. U 5-dimenzijskom se modelu pokazuje nestanak dodatne dimenzije razvojem Svemira. Fizička se svojstva modela ispituju u vakuumu (4-dimenzijski model) i u prisustvu perfektne tekućine (za 4- i 5-dimenzijske modele)

Studij četiri- i više-dimenzijskih kozmoloških modela u Lyrovoj geometriji

Exact cosmological solutions for spherically symmetric models, both in four and higher dimensions are obtained within the framework of Lyra geometry. It is observed that there is no singularity at finite past in our four-dimensional model. For the five-dimensional model, the diminision of extra dimension with the evolution of the Universe is exhibited. The physical behaviour of the models is examined in vacuum (for the four-dimensional case) and in the presence of perfect fluids (for both four- and five-dimensional models).U okviru Lyrove geometrije izvodimo točna kozmološka rješenja za sferno-simetrične modele u četiri i više dimenzija. U našem 4-dimenzijskom modelu ne nalazi se singularnost u konačnoj prošlosti. U 5-dimenzijskom se modelu pokazuje nestanak dodatne dimenzije razvojem Svemira. Fizička se svojstva modela ispituju u vakuumu (4-dimenzijski model) i u prisustvu perfektne tekućine (za 4- i 5-dimenzijske modele)

FIGGS: Faint Irregular Galaxies GMRT Survey - Overview, observations and first results

The Faint Irregular Galaxies GMRT Survey (FIGGS) is a Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) based HI imaging survey of a systematically selected sample of extremely faint nearby dwarf irregular galaxies. The primary goal of FIGGS is to provide a comprehensive and statistically robust characterization of the neutral inter-stellar medium properties of faint, gas rich dwarf galaxies. The FIGGS galaxies represent the extremely low-mass end of the dwarf irregular galaxies population, with a median M${\rm{_B\sim-13.0}}$ and median HI mass of $\sim 3 \times 10^7$ M$_\odot$, extending the baseline in mass and luminosity space for a comparative study of galaxy properties. The HI data is supplemented with observations at other wavelengths. In addition, distances accurate to ~ 10% are available for most of the sample galaxies. This paper gives an introduction to FIGGS, describe the GMRT observations and presents the first results from the HI observations. From the FIGGS data we confirm the trend of increasing HI to optical diameter ratio with decreasing optical luminosity; the median ratio of D$_{\rm HI}$/D$_{\rm Ho}$ for the FIGGS sample is 2.4. Further, on comparing our data with aperture synthesis surveys of bright spirals, we find at best marginal evidence for a decrease in average surface density with decreasing HI mass. To a good approximation the disks of gas rich galaxies, ranging over 3 orders of magnitude in HI mass, can be described as being drawn from a family with constant HI surface density.Comment: 17 pages, 14 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRA