Razvoj traktorskog mernog sistema za mapiranje prostorne promenljivosti pH zemljišta u realnom vremenu

Soil pH is an important physio-chemical property representing soil characteristics and plays an important role in plant growth. Soil pH affects crop yields, plant nutrient availability and soil micro-organism activity. For small areas, measuring the spatial variation in soil pH is feasible. However for the large areas, pH determination of the multiple soil samples by using traditional method in laboratory is very tedious and time consuming. Considering the need and scope of precision agriculture in India, a real time data logging pH measuring system was developed to determine the soil pH directly in the field at specific GPS locations by integrating soil pH sensor and a GPS receiver with a portable data logger. Soil mapping was done for observing the spatial variation in soil pH using ArcGIS. The results showed that the field had variation in soil pH and the developed soil pH measuring system was capable to measure the spatial variation in soil pH. The average soil pH measured by developed soil pH measuring system in different tillage treatments varied from 7.98 to 8.18, 7.60 to 7.94 and 8.01 to 8.21, respectively.pH zemljišta je važna karakteristika zemljišta koja igra važnu ulogu u utgoju biljaka. Zemljišni pH utiče na prinos useva, dostupnost nutrienata korenu biljaka i aktivnost mikroorganizama u zemljištu. Merenje prostornih promenljivosti pH vrednosti na manjim oblastima je izvodljivo. Ipak, za velike oblasti, određivanje pH većeg broja uzoraka zemljišta na uuobičajeni način u laboratoriji je naporno i dugotrajno. Imajući u vidu potrebe i opseg precizne poljoprivrede u Indiji razvijen je merni sistem za sakupljanje podataka u realnom vremenu, radi određivanja pH zemljišta direktno na parceli na pojedinačnim GPS lokacijama, integracijom pH senzora i GPS prijemnika sa prenosivim data logerom. Mapiranje zemljišta je vršeno radi praćenja prostorne promenljivosti pH zemljišta korišćenjem ArcGIS. Rezultati su pokazali promenljivost pH zemljišta i omogućili da se razvije merni sistem za merenje prostorne promenljivosti. Srednja pH vrednost izmerena ovim sistemom u različitim sistemima obrade zemljišta varirala je od 7.98 do 8.18, 7.60 do 7.94 i 8.01 do 8.21, redom

Razvoj i ispitivanje traktorskog pH monitoring sistema

South-western and central part of Punjab is dominated by calcareous soil includes desert soil, sandy loam to clayey and also have grey and red desert soil, calsisol soil, regosol soil and alluvial soil making alkalinity and salinity problematic as the power of hydrogen (pH) value of soil varies from 7.8 to 8.5 in this zone. Reduction-oxidation potential or ‘Redox’ is a measure of the electrical state of soil indicating the chemical condition of several substances and measure soil nutrient availability significant for plant growth. It varies with the relative acidity of the soil, and for purpose of comparison, Redox is expressed in milli volts (mV). pH monitoring system need to be developed which will help in mechanization of field operation by providing real time and online values of soil pH and mV, thus helping the researchers and farmers to start precision farming in the area. To achieve this, a tractor operated pH monitoring system was developed and evaluated in the field to measure the soil pH and mV along with geo-referenced locations. On an average soil pH of selected field was measured 6.55 with coefficient of variation (CV) 7.0%. Average soil mV was 40.71 having coefficient of variation (CV) 56.1. The model developed between pH and mV showed that there was a good co-relation between soil pH and mV having R2=0.89 indicating that soil pH was basically the reduction oxidation potential of soil.Jugо-zapadnim i cеntralnim dеlom Punjaba dоminiraju krеčnjačka i pustinjska zеmljišta, pеskovita ilоvača, a takоđе i crvеna pustinjska zеmljišta, kalcifikovana zеmljišta i aluviјalni nanosi koji dovode do problematične alkalnоsti i salinitеta, jer pH vrеdnоst zеmljišta varira оd 7,8 dо 8,5 u оvој zоni. Rеdоks potencijal је mеra еlеktričnоg stanja zеmljišta koji ukazuје na hеmiјsku stanjе višе supstanci i mеrеnjе hranljivih matеriјa iz tla značaјnih za rast biljaka. Оna varira sa rеlativnim kisеlоsti zеmljišta. Radi pоrеđеnja, Rеdоks potencijal se izražava u mili vоltima (mV). pH monitoring system trеba da sе razviјe da bi omogućio pri radu na tеrеnu u rеalnоm vrеmеnu merenje vrеdnоsti pH zеmljišta i mV i takо pоmogao istraživačima i pоljоprivrеdnicima da pоčnu sa primenom prеcizne pоljоprivrеde. Da bi sе tо pоstiglо, razvijen je sistеm mоnitоringa pH i mV na traktоru na gеоrеfеrеnciranim lоkaciјama. Na zеmljištu sa prоsеčnоm pH оdabranih оblasti је izmеrеna vrednost od 6,55, sa koeficijentom variјaciје (CV) 7,0%. Prоsеčni mV је bio 40.71, sa kоеficiјеntom variјaciје (CV) 56.1. Mоdеl koji је razvijen izmеđu pH i mV pоkazao je značajnu korelaciju pH zеmljišta i mV sa R2 = 0.89

Spektralna analiza za praćenje porasta useva pomoću traktorskog spektroradiometra i ručnog senzora stanja useva u pamuku

Remotely sensed spectral vegetation indices are widely used and have benefited numerous disciplines interested in the assessment of biomass, water use, plant stress, plant health and crop production. Tractor mounted Spectroradiometer and hand held GreenSeeker were used to capture the spectral signatures of cotton crop canopy and to calculate NDVI which indicated the temporal changes in crop canopy, nutritional status and phenological conditions in cotton. The structural mechanism for mounting spectroradiometer on the tractor was prepared with various options of adjustments to use spectroradiometer infield. Spectral signatures of crop were measured using tractor mounted spectroradiometer and GreenSeeker at different growth stages in two cultivars of cotton. The relations between NDVI spectroradiometer (R650 and R770) and plant N, plant biomass and plant height at p=0.05 level of significance were found as quadratic, exponential and linear with maximum value of coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.806, 0.807 and 0.801 respectively. However, the relations between NDVI (Green- Seeker) and plant N, plant biomass and plant height at p=0.05 level of significance were found as quadratic, quadratic and linear with maximum R2 value of 0.828, 0.817 and 0.839 respectively. A close relationship between NDVI Spectro-radiometer (R650 and R770) and NDVI (GreenSeeker) was observed with R2 value of 0.833 at p=0.05 level of significance. The study suggested that NDVI at (R650 and R770) using spectroradiometer can be used as a reliable tool for fertilizer N management in cotton.Daljinska spektralna detekcija vegetacije se široko koristi u mnogim oblastima u kojima je potrebna procena biomase, korišćenja vode, stresa kod biljaka, zdravlja biljaka i biljne proizvodnje. Traktorski spektroradiometar i ručni sensor stanja useva su korišćeni za snimanje spektralnih potpisa useva pamuka i proračun NDVI indeksa, što je pokazalo povremene promene biljnog pokrivača, nutritivno stanje i fenološke uslove u kojima se pamuk nalazi. Konstrukcija za postavljanje pektroradiometra na traktor je izvedena sa različitim mogućnostima za podešavanje upotrebe uređaja na parceli. Spektralni potpisi useva mereni su spektroradiometrom postavljenim na traktoru i ručnim senzorom stanja useva u različitim fazama porasta kod dve sorte pamuka. Odnsoi između NDVI indeksa spektroradiometra (R650 i R770) i biljnog azota, biomase biljaka i visine biljaka na nivou značajnosti p=0.05 bili su kvadratni, eksponencijalni i linearni, sa maksimalnim vrednostima koeficijenta determinacije (R2) od 0.806, 0.807 i 0.801, redom. Pored ovoga, odnosi između NDVI (Green-Seeker) i biljnog azota, biomase biljaka i visine biljaka na nivou značajnosti p=0.05 bili su kvadratni, kvadratni i linearni, sa maksimalnom vredošću R2 od 0.828, 0.817 i 0.839, redom. Značajna zavisnost NDVI spektroradiometra (R650 i R770) i NDVI (GreenSeeker) bila je utvrđena sa vrednošću R2 od 0.833 na nivou značajnosti p=0.05. Istraživanje je pokazalo da NDVI kod (R650 i R770) upotrebom spektroradiometra može da se upotrebi kao pouzdano sredstvo za upravljanje đubrenjem azotom kod pamuka

Poljska ocena traktorskog senzora za merenje električne provodljivosti i sile prodiranja / sabijenosti zemljišta

Soil properties like electrical conductivity and soil compaction due to its correlation with other soil properties like soil texture, water content, cat ion exchange capac¬ity (CEC), drainage conditions, organic-matter level, depth to clay pans, salinity, and subsoil characteristics that affect crop growth and its produc¬tivity were found to be important properties of soil. To observe the effect of electrical conductivity and insertion force, a tractor operated soil sensor (Make Veris Technology, USA) was used for measurement of electrical conductivity and insertion force (compaction) of soil in the field. Tractor mounted soil sensor probe was having a soil EC contacts and a load cell to measure the electrical conductivity and insertion force, respectively by pushing the probe into the soil. Experiments were conducted at two fields of departmental research farm of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. In field no. 1, the average electrical conductivity measured by tractor mounted soil sensor varied from 8.5 to 9.6 mS•m-1 having coefficient of variance 26.8% at soil moisture content of 26% (wb). In field no.2, the average electrical conductivity measured by tractor mounted soil sensor varied from 15.75 to 23.28 mS•m-1 with CV 12.1%. For Lab measurement of soil EC, coefficient of variance (CV) was found to be 10.9 % with average EC value of 20.62 mS•m-1. Overall insertion force for field no 1 was 1953.44 kPa at 0.2 m depth which suddenly increased up to 2864.06 kPa when depth was increased to 0.4 m which is 46% more than at 0.2 m depth. Overall insertion force for field no 2 was 8085.71 kPa observed at 0.2 m depth which increased up to 9704.96 kPa when depth was increased to 0.6 m which was 20% more as compared to insertion force at 0.2 m soil depth.Elektroprovodljivost i sabijenost su izdvojene kao posebno važne karakteristike zemljišta zbog svog odnosa sa drugim njegovim svojstvima, kao što su tekstura, sadržaj vode, kapacitet razmene katjona (CEC), uslovi drenaže, sadržaj organske materije, dubina glinovitih slojeva, salinitet i ostale karakteristike koje utiču na porast i produktivnost useva. Za merenje efekta električne provodljivosti i sabijenosti korišćen je traktorski zemljišni sensor (Make Veris Technology, USA). Senzor ima kontakte i ćeliju za merenje elektroprovodljivosti i sile prodiranja ubadanjem sonde u zemlju. Ogledi su izođeni na dve ogledne parcele Instituta za poljoprivredne i pogonske mašine. Na parceli br. 1, srednja izmerena elektroprovodljivost iznosila je od 8.5 do 9.6 mS•m-1, sa koeficijentom varijacije od 26.8%, pri vlažnosti zemljišta od 26%. Na parceli br. 2, srednja izmerena elektroprovodljivost iznosila je od 15.75 do 23.28 mS•m-1, sa koeficijentom varijacije od 12.1%. Za laboratorijska merenja elektroprovodljivosti, koeficijent varijacije iznosio je 10.9 %, sa srednjom vrednošću od 20.62 mS•m-1. Srednja sila prodiranja na parceli br. 1 bila je 1953.44 kPa na dubini od 0.2 m, a zatim je naglo porasla na 2864.06 kPa sa povećanjem dubine na 0.4 m, što je 46% više nego na 0.2 m. Srednja sila prodiranja na parceli br. 2 bila je 8085.71 kPa na dubini od 0.2 m, a povećala se na 9704.96 kPa sa povećanjem dubine na 0.6 m što je 20% više nego na 0.2 m