Le mensonge en histoire

Le Livre jaune français rassemblait les documents diplomatiques de la crise de juillet 1914. Il fut publié en décembre 1914. Il contenait en particulier un faux manifeste, l’annonce que la mobilisation générale autrichienne avait précédé la mobilisation générale russe. Au moment où il fut publié, cela n’eut évidemment pas grande influence sur le cours de la guerre, mais il fut utilisé au moment de l’établissement du traité de Versailles pour prouver la responsabilité allemande dans le déclenchement de la guerre, puisque l’Autriche-Hongrie n’avait pu agir sans l’assentiment allemand. Dix ans plus tard, la protestation contre cette affirmation de la responsabilité allemande fut un argument puissant de la propagande nazie

Les conséquences des traités de paix

Le traité de Versailles et les traités de la « banlieue parisienne », qui ont mis fin à la Grande Guerre, ont profondément bouleversé l’Europe et le Moyen-Orient. Les quatre Empires qui existaient, l’Empire allemand, l’Empire austro-hongrois, l’Empire russe et l’Empire ottoman ont disparu.  Mais alors que l’Empire austro-hongrois cédait la place à une série de petits États affaiblis par leur hétérogénéité et que la nouvelle Turquie avait perdu tous ses territoires arabes, l’Allemagne et la Russie, même affaiblies maintenaient leur existence. Malgré la création de la Société des Nations, voulue par le président des États-Unis, la profonde humiliation de l’Allemagne sans que sa puissance soit réellement entamée, et dans une certaine mesure  la volonté de la Russie soviétique d’étendre le socialisme au reste du monde,  étaient des signes parmi d’autres de la fragilité de la paix, même s’il n’était probablement pas possible de faire autrement.Consequences of the treaties of peace.The Treaty of Versailles and the treaties of the “Parisian suburbs”, which ended the Great War, greatly upset Europe and the Middle East. The four empires that existed, the German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire disappeared. But while the Austro-Hungarian Empire gave way to a series of small states weakened by their heterogeneity, and the new Turkey lost all its Arab territories, Germany and Russia, though weakened, maintained their existence. Despite the creation of the League of Nations, wanted by the U.S. President, the deep humiliation of Germany without its power being actually harmed, and to some extent Russia's willingness to spread Soviet socialism to the rest of the world, were among other signs of the fragility of the peace, even though it probably was not possible to do otherwise

L’évolution de l’historiographie de la Première Guerre mondiale

L’historiographie de la Grande Guerre n’a cessé d’évoluer. À l’origine, elle s’intéressait essentiellement à la question des responsabilités et à l’étude des opérations militaires. À notre époque, elle a replacé l’homme au centre de cette histoire et a privilégié les représentations à travers la culture de guerre. Dans cet article, l’auteur a opté pour trois approches. Le passage d’une histoire où les origines de la guerre étaient vues essentiellement sous l’angle des responsabilités à une histoire où on essaie de mettre en évidence les mentalités des peuples et le poids des sentiments nationaux, le passage d’une histoire militaire concentrée sur les opérations, mais où apparaissaient peu les combattants, à une histoire où les combattants, les morts, les blessés, les fronts et les arrières sont au centre de l’étude, cette place des hommes se traduisant ensuite par l’importance des commémorations, le passage enfin d’une vision  traditionnelle de la guerre à un type nouveau, la guerre industrielle qui rend en partie obsolète l’ancienne opposition entre guerre de mouvement et guerre de tranchée.The evolution of the historiography of the First World War. The historiography of the 1914-1918 war has been a story of continual evolution. At the outset, in the 1920’s, writers were interested chiefly in the question of the responsibilities for the war’s outbreak and in the conduct of military operations. In our own time, some scholars have shifted people off the centre stage of the war’s history and have, instead, privileged questions of representation, viewed through the prism of wartime culture. In this article, three approaches receive priority. The first is the transition from a history in which the war’s origins were mostly considered from the angle of ‘responsibility’ to a history attempting to uncover popular mentalities and demonstrate the weight of national sentiments. The second is the shift from a military history centred on operational aspects, but in which ordinary soldiers made very few appearances, to a history where the fighting troops and their lived experiences, the dead, the wounded, the front line but also the rear areas and the ‘Home Front’, are at the heart of the story. The third approach also keeps human beings at the centre of the agenda. It renders obsolete, at least in part, the old distinction between wars of movement and positional or trench warfare by reflecting the change from a traditional vision of war to a new type, industrialised war, setting the scholarly focus on the importance of the ways the war was remembered and commemorated

Genes that determine immunology and inflammation modify the basic defect of impaired ion conductance in cystic fibrosis epithelia

BACKGROUND: The cystic fibrosis (CF) basic defect, caused by dysfunction of the apical chloride channel CFTR in the gastrointestinal and respiratory tract epithelia, has not been employed so far to support the role of CF modifier genes. METHODS: Patients were selected from 101 families with a total of 171 F508del-CFTR homozygous CF patients to identify CF modifying genes. A candidate gene based association study of 52 genes on 16 different chromosomes with a total of 182 genetic markers was performed. Differences in haplotype and/or diplotype distribution between case and reference CF subpopulations were analysed. RESULTS: Variants at immunologically relevant genes were associated with the manifestation of the CF basic defect (0.01<Praw<0.0001 at IL1B, TLR9, TNFalpha, CD95, STAT3 and TNFR). The intragenic background of F508del-CFTR chromosomes determined disease severity and manifestation of the basic defect (Praw=0.0009). Allele distributions comparing transmitted and non-transmitted alleles were distorted at several loci unlinked to CFTR. CONCLUSIONS: The inherited capabilities of the innate and adaptive immune system determine the manifestation of the CF basic defect. Variants on F508del-CFTR chromosomes contribute to the observed patient-to-patient variability among F508del-CFTR homozygotes. A survivor effect, manifesting as a transmission disequilibrium at many loci, is consistent with the improvement of clinical care over the last decades, resulting in a depletion of risk alleles at modifier genes. Awareness of non-genetic factors such as improvement of patient care over time is crucial for the interpretation of CF modifier studies

Altered Ca2+ Homeostasis in Red Blood Cells of Polycythemia Vera Patients Following Disturbed Organelle Sorting during Terminal Erythropoiesis

The authors thank Thierry Peyrard, Dominique Gien, Sirandou Tounkara, and Eliane Véra at Centre National de Référence pour les Groupes Sanguins for the management of blood samples. The authors thank Sandrine Genetet and Isabelle Mouro-Chanteloup at the Inserm UMR_S1134 unit for their assistance in experiments. The authors also thank Michaël Dussiot at the Institute Imagine for his assistance in imaging flow cytometry. We thank Johanna Bruce and Virginie Salnot at 3P5 Proteomics Platform for sample preparation and analysis, and François Guillonneau and Patrick Mayeux for their management and strategies. Funding: The work was supported by Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm); Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine (INTS); the University of Paris; and grants from Laboratory of Excellence (Labex) GR-Ex, reference No. ANR-11-LABX-0051. The Labex GR- Ex is funded by the IdEx program “Investissements d’avenir” of the French National Research Agency, reference No. ANR-11-IDEX-0005-02 and ANR-18-IDEX-0001. R.B., M.G.R., and D.M.A. were funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under grant agreement No. 675115-RELEVANCE-H2020-MSCA-ITN-2015. R.B. also received financial support from Société Française d’Hématologie (SFH) and Club du Globule Rouge et du Fer (CGRF). R.B. is currently funded by the Innovate UK Research and Innovation Knowledge Transfer Partnership (KTP) between University of Aberdeen and Vertebrate Antibodies Ltd. (Partnership No. KTP12327). T.D. was supported by PhD grants from Université Paris Saclay MESR (Ministère Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche) and then FRM (Fondation recherche médicale). The Orbitrap Fusion mass spectrometer was acquired with funds from Fonds Europeen de Developpement Regional (FEDER) through the Operational Program for Competitiveness Factors and Employment 2007-2013 and from the Canceropole Ile de France.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Trophic position of Otodus megalodon and great white sharks through time revealed by zinc isotopes

Diet is a crucial trait of an animal’s lifestyle and ecology. The trophic level of an organism indicates its functional position within an ecosystem and holds significance for its ecology and evolution. Here, we demonstrate the use of zinc isotopes (δ66Zn) to geochemically assess the trophic level in diverse extant and extinct sharks, including the Neogene megatooth shark (Otodus megalodon) and the great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias). We reveal that dietary δ66Zn signatures are preserved in fossil shark tooth enameloid over deep geologic time and are robust recorders of each species’ trophic level. We observe significant δ66Zn differences among the Otodus and Carcharodon populations implying dietary shifts throughout the Neogene in both genera. Notably, Early Pliocene sympatric C. carcharias and O. megalodon appear to have occupied a similar mean trophic level, a finding that may hold clues to the extinction of the gigantic Neogene megatooth shark.publishedVersio

Reading Across Cultures: Global Narratives, Hotels and Railway Stations

This is the final version of the article. Available from Springer Verlag via the DOI in this record.This article takes its cue from the English critic, novelist and painter John Berger. He argues that what we know determines what we see. Hotels and railway stations, though they differ in size, design and appearance, are places of temporary national and international congress that are recognized by everyone. They become visible or even iconic once their history or their role is turned into at least part of a wider narrative—in literature, film or in other arts. This provides a representative focus by which we may read a city’s or a nation’s past. In exemplifying such connections I focus first on the long-term history of Friedrichstraße station and some of the surrounding hotels in the context of the history of Berlin, situating them within the national and, by implication, also the international context. Secondly, I will consider the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 as an event in which the role of railway stations generated both personal and collective memories across cultures and over several decades

LSST: from Science Drivers to Reference Design and Anticipated Data Products

(Abridged) We describe here the most ambitious survey currently planned in the optical, the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST). A vast array of science will be enabled by a single wide-deep-fast sky survey, and LSST will have unique survey capability in the faint time domain. The LSST design is driven by four main science themes: probing dark energy and dark matter, taking an inventory of the Solar System, exploring the transient optical sky, and mapping the Milky Way. LSST will be a wide-field ground-based system sited at Cerro Pach\'{o}n in northern Chile. The telescope will have an 8.4 m (6.5 m effective) primary mirror, a 9.6 deg$^2$ field of view, and a 3.2 Gigapixel camera. The standard observing sequence will consist of pairs of 15-second exposures in a given field, with two such visits in each pointing in a given night. With these repeats, the LSST system is capable of imaging about 10,000 square degrees of sky in a single filter in three nights. The typical 5$\sigma$ point-source depth in a single visit in $r$ will be $\sim 24.5$ (AB). The project is in the construction phase and will begin regular survey operations by 2022. The survey area will be contained within 30,000 deg$^2$ with $\delta<+34.5^\circ$, and will be imaged multiple times in six bands, $ugrizy$, covering the wavelength range 320--1050 nm. About 90\% of the observing time will be devoted to a deep-wide-fast survey mode which will uniformly observe a 18,000 deg$^2$ region about 800 times (summed over all six bands) during the anticipated 10 years of operations, and yield a coadded map to $r\sim27.5$. The remaining 10\% of the observing time will be allocated to projects such as a Very Deep and Fast time domain survey. The goal is to make LSST data products, including a relational database of about 32 trillion observations of 40 billion objects, available to the public and scientists around the world.Comment: 57 pages, 32 color figures, version with high-resolution figures available from https://www.lsst.org/overvie