9,509 research outputs found
Intraday liquidity management: a tale of games banks play
Over the last few decades, most central banks, concerned about settlement risks inherent in payment netting systems, have implemented real-time gross settlement (RTGS) systems. Although RTGS systems can significantly reduce settlement risk, they require greater liquidity to smooth nonsynchronized payment flows. Thus, central banks typically provide intraday credit to member banks, either as collateralized credit or priced credit. Because intraday credit is costly for banks, how intraday liquidity is managed has become a competitive parameter in commercial banking and a policy concern of central banks. This article uses a game-theoretical framework to analyze the intraday liquidity management behavior of banks in an RTGS setting. The games played by banks depend on the intraday credit policy of the central bank and encompass two well-known paradigms in game theory: "the prisoner's dilemma" and "the stag hunt." The former strategy arises in a collateralized credit regime, where banks have an incentive to delay payments if intraday credit is expensive, an outcome that is socially inefficient. The latter strategy occurs in a priced credit regime, where postponement of payments can be socially efficient under certain circumstances. The author also discusses how several extensions of the framework affect the results, such as settlement risk, incomplete information, heterogeneity, and repeated play.Payment systems ; Banks and banking, Central ; Bank liquidity ; Game theory ; Credit
Formulation of Complex Action Theory
We formulate a complex action theory which includes operators of coordinate
and momentum and being replaced with non-hermitian
operators and , and their eigenstates and with complex eigenvalues and .
Introducing a philosophy of keeping the analyticity in path integration
variables, we define a modified set of complex conjugate, real and imaginary
parts, hermitian conjugates and bras, and explicitly construct ,
, and by formally
squeezing coherent states. We also pose a theorem on the relation between
functions on the phase space and the corresponding operators. Only in our
formalism can we describe a complex action theory or a real action theory with
complex saddle points in the tunneling effect etc. in terms of bras and kets in
the functional integral. Furthermore, in a system with a non-hermitian
diagonalizable bounded Hamiltonian, we show that the mechanism to obtain a
hermitian Hamiltonian after a long time development proposed in our letter
works also in the complex coordinate formalism. If the hermitian Hamiltonian is
given in a local form, a conserved probability current density can be
constructed with two kinds of wave functions.Comment: 29 pages, 2 figures, references added, presentation improved, typos
corrected. (v5)The definition of and are
corrected by replacing them with their hermitian conjugates. The errors and
typos mentioned in the errata of PTP are corrected. arXiv admin note:
substantial text overlap with arXiv:1009.044
The Cheshire Cat Principle from Holography
The Cheshire cat principle states that hadronic observables at low energy do
not distinguish between hard (quark) or soft (meson) constituents. As a result,
the delineation between hard/soft (bag radius) is like the Cheshire cat smile
in Alice in wonderland. This principle reemerges from current holographic
descriptions of chiral baryons whereby the smile appears in the holographic
direction. We illustrate this point for the baryonic form factor.Comment: 11 pages, 2 figure
Seeking a Game in which the standard model Group shall Win
It is attempted to construct a group-dependent quantity that could be used to
single out the Standard Model group S(U(2) x U(3)) as being the "winner" by
this quantity being the biggest possible for just the Standard Model group. The
suggested quantity is first of all based on the inverse quadratic Cassimir for
the fundamental or better smallest faithful representation in a notation in
which the adjoint representation quadratic Cassimir is normalized to unity.
Then a further correction is added to help the wanted Standard Model group to
win and the rule comes even to involve the Abelian group U(1) to be multiplied
into the group to get this correction be allowed. The scheme is suggestively
explained to have some physical interpretation(s). By some appropriate
proceedure for extending the group dependent quantity to groups that are not
simple we find a way to make the Standard Model Group the absolute "winner".
Thus we provide an indication for what could be the reason for the Standard
Model Group having been chosen to be the realized one by Nature.Comment: already publiched in 2011 in Bled Conference proceedings "What comes
beyond the Stadard Models
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