Disentangling motivation from self-efficacy : Implications for measurement, theory-development, and intervention

Education, Faculty ofKinesiology, School ofReviewedFacult

Time for a rethink?

In spite of the well-known benefits of physical activity, the vast majority of children in North America do not meet current international guidelines for accumulating sufficient health-enhancing physical activity. Indeed, despite considerable attention to this population health crisis the current prevalence of inactivity, along with its concomitant health consequences, shows little sign of abating. In this paper we identify acknowledged barriers to wide scale physical activity adoption and maintenance at the population level among children, and propose a viable tripartite framework (albeit one that would require political support) that we hope will provide the basis for debate and implementation. We emphasize that each of these considerations, in isolation, would be insufficient to substantively address the problem, but when combined would ensure that all elementary school children (without any medical contraindication) are sufficiently active, rather than the minority of this population.Education, Faculty ofNon UBCKinesiology, School ofReviewedFacult

The Effectiveness of Teamwork Training on Teamwork Behaviors and Team Performance : A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Interventions

The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of teamwork interventions that were carried out with the purpose of improving teamwork and team performance, using controlled experimental designs. A literature search returned 16,849 unique articles. The meta-analysis was ultimately conducted on 51 articles, comprising 72 (k) unique interventions, 194 effect sizes, and 8439 participants, using a random effects model. Positive and significant medium-sized effects were found for teamwork interventions on both teamwork and team performance. Moderator analyses were also conducted, which generally revealed positive and significant effects with respect to several sample, intervention, and measurement characteristics. Implications for effective teamwork interventions as well as considerations for future research are discussed.Education, Faculty ofNon UBCEducational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department ofKinesiology, School ofReviewedFacultyGraduat

Family leadership styles and adolescent dietary and physical activity behaviors: a cross-sectional study

Background: Transformational leadership is conceptualized as a set of behaviors designed to inspire, energize and motivate others to achieve higher levels of functioning, and is associated with salient health-related outcomes in organizational settings. Given (a) the similarities that exist between leadership within organizational settings and parenting within families, and (b) the importance of the family environment in the promotion of adolescent health-enhancing behaviors, the purpose of this exploratory study was to examine the cross-sectional relationships between parents’ transformational leadership behaviors and adolescent dietary and physical activity behaviors. Methods 857 adolescents (aged 13–15, mean age = 14.70 yrs) completed measures of transformational parenting behaviors, healthful dietary intake and leisure-time physical activity. Regression analyses were conducted to examine relationships between family transformational leadership and adolescent health outcomes. A further ‘extreme group analysis’ was conducted by clustering families based on quartile splits. A MANCOVA (controlling for child gender) was conducted to examine differences between families displaying (a) HIGH levels of transformational parenting (consistent HIGH TP), (b) LOW levels of transformational parenting (consistent LOW TP), and (c) inconsistent levels of transformational parenting (inconsistent HIGH-LOW TP). Results Results revealed that adolescents’ perceptions of family transformational parenting were associated with both healthy dietary intake and physical activity. Adolescents who perceived their families to display the highest levels of transformational parenting (HIGH TP group) displayed greater healthy eating and physical activity behaviors than adolescents who perceived their families to display the lowest levels of transformational parenting behaviors (LOW TP group). Adolescents who perceived their families to display inconsistent levels of transformational parenting behaviors (HIGH-LOW TP group) displayed the same levels of healthy eating behaviors as those adolescents from the LOW TP group. For physical activity behaviors, adolescents who perceived their families to display inconsistent levels of transformational parenting behaviors (HIGH-LOW TP group) did not differ in terms of physical activity than those in either the HIGH TP or LOW TP group. Conclusions Family transformational parenting behaviors were positively associated with both healthful dietary intake and leisure-time physical activity levels amongst adolescents. The findings suggest that transformational leadership theory is a useful framework for understanding the relationship between family leadership behaviors and adolescent health outcomes.Education, Faculty ofOther UBCNon UBCReviewedFacult

Purpose After Service through Sport (PASS): A Social Identity-Informed Program to Support Military Veteran Well-Being

Veterans who transition out of the military often face substantive challenges during their move to civilian life, which include identifying appropriate opportunities for employment, supporting their respective families, and developing high-quality social connections within their civilian lives more generally. The importance of social connectivity, in particular, has recently been highlighted as an important mechanism that can facilitate improved mental health and quality of life among veterans, and represents a viable target for intervention. The purpose of the study was to examine military veterans’ experiences of Purpose After Service through Sport (PASS) which is a sport-based program, in Canada, underpinned by the social identity approach. We recruited participants (Mage= 39.83, SD = 8.07, Myears of service= 15.63, SD = 9.60), and using semi-structured interviews and reflexive thematic analysis, identified several aspects of the program that participants experienced and considered important. These included a variety of positive benefits (mental and physical health, social connections, and access to resources), as well as military identity as a means of supporting social connectivity. Participants also commented on salient environmental features of the program that supported their involvement, as well as suggestions for program refinement. The study provides evidence for the feasibility and acceptability of the PASS program as well as insight into veterans’ experiences of this initiative. Future research should examine the efficacy/effectiveness of the PASS program to support effective transitions and quality of life outcomes among military veterans using causal (e.g., randomized trial) research designs.Education, Faculty ofKinesiology, School ofNon UBCReviewedFacultyGraduat

Psychosocial predictors of changes in adolescent girls’ physical activity and dietary behaviours over the course of the Go Girls! group-based mentoring program

Changes in social cognitions targeted within a group-based mentoring program for adolescent girls were examined as predictors of changes in physical activity (PA) and dietary behavior (in two separate models) over the course of the 7 week program. Data were collected from 310 participants who participated in the program. Multilevel path models were used to assess changes in psychosocial variables predicting changes in behavioral outcomes from pre- to post-program. Analyses revealed that 24.4% and 12.3% of the variance in increases in PA and dietary behavior, respectively, was explained by increases in affective and instrumental attitudes, self-regulatory efficacy (SRE), and intentions. Increases in intentions partially mediated the effects of increases in SRE and affective attitudes on increases in PA behavior. In relation to improvements in dietary behavior, increases in intentions and SRE directly predicted improvements in dietary behavior. These findings suggest potential psychological mechanisms through which a group-based mentoring program may lead to changes in adolescent girls’ health-enhancing PA and dietary behaviors.Arts, Faculty ofEducation, Faculty ofHealth and Social Development, Faculty of (Okanagan)Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department ofHealth and Exercise Sciences, School of (Okanagan)Kinesiology, School ofPsychology, Department ofReviewedFacultyPostdoctoralGraduat

Promoting sport participation during early parenthood: a randomized controlled trial protocol

Background: Adult participation in sport is associated with important positive psychosocial outcomes. Despite the multitude of benefits that have been linked to sport participation, adult participation rates in Canada remain low. Parents with young children represent a demographic that may benefit considerably from sport participation, given the prevalence of inactivity coupled with increased levels of psychosocial distress among this group. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of two types of sport participation (individual sport and team sport) on key psychosocial outcomes compared with a “personal time” control condition among parents with young children. Methods/design: The three-arm, parallel design, single-blind, randomized controlled trial will compare a team sport condition, an individual sport condition, and a “personal time” control condition over 3 months. Parents are eligible if they have a child under 13 years of age, are not participating in a sport at baseline, and are not meeting Canadian Physical Activity Guidelines. Psychosocial variables (quality of life, relationship satisfaction, social functioning, parental stress, and enjoyment) will be assessed at baseline, 6 weeks, and 3 months. A total of 161 parents have been recruited thus far from the Greater Victoria region in British Columbia, Canada. The study is ongoing with a target goal of 240 participants and an anticipated completion date of December 2021. Discussion: This protocol describes the implementation of a randomized controlled trial that evaluates the effectiveness of sport participation for increasing positive psychosocial outcomes. This information could prove useful for future adult sport participation and potentially inform public health initiatives involving parents and families. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02898285. Registered 13 September 2016.Other UBCNon UBCReviewedFacult

Psychological needs and exercise behaviour : A comparison of two psychological needs models

Objective: Psychological need satisfaction, from a self-determination theory (SDT) perspective, has been applied extensively to understand predictors of exercise behaviour. Dweck (2017) proposed a psychological needs framework that includes basic needs (optimal predictability, competence, acceptance), compound needs derived from combinations of basic needs (self-esteem/status, trust, control), and a superordinate compound need for self-coherence that includes identity and meaning. The purpose was to examine whether psychological needs operationalized within Dweck’s model account for variance in exercise behaviour in ways that the SDT model does not. Methods and Measures: A community sample of 403 adults completed measures of 10 demographics, psychological needs, and exercise motivation at Time 1, and self-reported 11 moderate-to-vigorous minutes of exercise at both Times 1 and 2 four weeks later. Results: Two structural equation models operationalizing Dweck’s needs framework and SDT (basic needs and motivation) were examined in relation to exercise behaviour. In both models, exercise identity and integrated regulation (conceptually similar) were the most salient correlates of prospectively measured exercise behaviour, and both accounted for the relationship between competence and exercise behaviour. Conclusion: The results support the importance of identity in the context of exercise behaviour. Future research should investigate factors associated with adopting and maintaining an exercise identity.Education, Faculty ofNon UBCEducational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department ofKinesiology, School ofReviewedFacultyGraduat

Effects of an Affective Mental Contrasting Intervention on Physical Activity : A Randomized Controlled Trial

Objective: University is a vulnerable period for discontinuing regular physical activity that can 2 have implications for students’ physical and psychological health. Accordingly, it is imperative 3 to find and implement cost and time-effective interventions to mitigate the consequences of this 4 transition. Intervention research has shown mental contrasting is an effective means of 5 promoting various health-enhancing behaviors including physical activity (Oettingen, 2012). 6 However, the efficacy of this intervention approach may be bolstered by targeting affective 7 judgements (e.g., enjoyable-unenjoyable), which exert greater influence on physical activity 8 behaviors compared to health-related instrumental judgements (e.g., useful-useless; Rhodes, 9 Fiala, & Conner, 2009). The purpose of this study was to compare the relative efficacy of a 10 mental contrasting intervention that targeted affective judgements associated with physical 11 activity, in relation to a mental contrasting intervention that targeted instrumental judgements, 12 and a ‘standard’ mental contrasting intervention (with no modifications). Method: Using a three-13 arm parallel randomized controlled trial design (ClinicalTrials.gov #: NCT02615821) 110 14 inactive, female, university students were randomly assigned to an affective, instrumental, or 15 standard mental contrasting intervention following simple randomization procedures. 16 Assessments were conducted at baseline and 4-weeks post intervention. Results: Participants in 17 the affective mental contrasting condition displayed higher levels of moderate-to-vigorous 18 physical activity (MVPA) than those in the instrumental or standard comparison conditions, F(2, 19 90) = 3.14, p < .05, ηp2 = 0.065. Conclusion: Overall, affective mental contrasting has the 20 potential to represent a low-cost and time-efficient intervention that may help inactive, female 21 students increase activity or attenuate declining levels of MVPA that occurs during university.Education, Faculty ofNon UBCKinesiology, School ofUnreviewedFacult

Street Soccer and Homelessness : Exploring Social Identities, Health, and Well-being

Membership in social and physical activity groups has the potential to help people with a range of physical and mental health challenges. The purpose of this study was to examine the experiences of members of a unique physical activity group: people who were formerly or currently homeless participating in a street soccer program in Western Canada. Ten participants in the Vancouver Street Soccer League (VSSL) were interviewed about the extent to which this program fostered a sense of community, social connectivity, and quality of life among people with experience of homelessness. Interviews were augmented with a Social Identity Mapping activity and observations from the first author who took part in weekly practice with the VSSL for over a year. The data were analysed using thematic analysis, in which four themes were developed to reflect the findings. These included (1) Coming together through soccer, (2) Dynamics motivating continued involvement in the league, (3) Leaders and leadership: Social influence in the league, and (4) The league and health outcomes. The findings provide insight into how a street soccer program which fostered shared social identity, psychological safety, friendly competition, and social support contributed to the well-being of people impacted by homelessness, various traumas, and marginalization.Education, Faculty ofNon UBCKinesiology, School ofReviewedFacultyResearche