3,281 research outputs found
Conservation and concealment in SpeciesBanking.com, USA: an analysis of neoliberal performance in the species offsetting industry
Market-based strategies are promoted as neoliberal
governance solutions to environmental problems, from
local to global scales. Tradable mitigation schemes
are proliferating. These include species banking, which
enables payments for the purchase of species credits
awarded to conserved areas to offset development
impacts on protected species elsewhere. An analysis of
species banks in the USA through a survey of data from
the website www.SpeciesBanking.com (established as
a âclearing houseâ for species banking information)
was complemented by questionnaire material from
USA bank managers. The number of USA species
banks has increased rapidly, bank area ownership
and management is consolidated in a small number
of organizations, and public information on species
credit price is limited. In interrogating the case
material, the roles of specific economic policies
associated with neoliberalism are considered, focusing
on the extension of privatization, de- and re-regulation
and marketization into the arena of environmental
conservation, and commodification processes as
manifested in species banking. Problematic ecological
and distributive âconcealmentsâ in species banking
include the âdevelopment-ledâ nature of conservation
banking, tendencies towards net biodiversity loss,
and an emphasis on supporting conservation-related
wealth accumulation by larger landowners and
investors
Letters of concern, condolences, and sympathy from friends and relatives upon the illness and subsequent death of Mr. Fleming on December 20, 1908
Correspondents include Bela Bayon. Letters with accompanying envelopes have written answered on them, 1908-12-16 - 1909-02-1
La croissance espagnole est-elle soutenable ?
Depuis le milieu des annĂ©es 1990, et contrairement aux craintes dâun certain nombre de pays europĂ©ens plus avancĂ©s, lâEspagne a fait figure dâexcellent Ă©lĂšve au sein de lâUnion europĂ©enne : sa croissance a Ă©tĂ© trĂšs forte, lâassainissement des finances publiques a Ă©tĂ© remarquable et le taux de chĂŽmage a entamĂ© une dĂ©crue durable. Cette performance a Ă©tĂ© en grande partie fondĂ©e sur une conjonction exceptionnelle de facteurs favorables (montĂ©e en puissance des fonds structurels, baisse importante des taux dâintĂ©rĂȘt) et sâest principalement appuyĂ©e sur la construction et des services peu productifs. Le rattrapage espagnol a reposĂ© sur lâemploi et sur le renforcement de la spĂ©cialisation de lâĂ©conomie dans des secteurs Ă faible valeur ajoutĂ©e, la productivitĂ© du travail sâĂ©loignant au contraire du niveau moyen europĂ©en. LâEspagne a donc de moins en moins pu compter sur la faiblesse de ses coĂ»ts, qui Ă©tait Ă la base de son attractivitĂ© et de son dĂ©veloppement, du fait dâune inflation toujours plus Ă©levĂ©e que celle de ses principaux partenaires europĂ©ens. De plus, la concurrence des pays de lâEst sâest rĂ©vĂ©lĂ©e de plus en vive. De ce fait, le solde extĂ©rieur nâa cessĂ© de se creuser depuis la fin des annĂ©es 1990.
Cet article vise Ă prĂ©senter le mode de croissance qui a Ă©mergĂ© en Espagne depuis le milieu des annĂ©es 1990 et Ă rendre compte de ses succĂšs et de ses limites. Il en ressort que la croissance actuelle, tant au niveau de sa composition que de son ampleur, nâest pas soutenable Ă moyen terme, puisquâelle est basĂ©e sur des facteurs favorables qui ne se renouvelleront pas et quâelle a conduit Ă des dĂ©sĂ©quilibres croissants (forte hausse de la dette des mĂ©nages, surĂ©valuation des prix immobiliers, dĂ©ficit courant record). Ceci implique quâun rattrapage en termes de productivitĂ© est dĂ©sormais indispensable pour que la convergence espagnole vers lâUnion europĂ©enne se poursuive.This article aims to explain why Spanish growth has been so high since the mid-90s (with a significant reduction in public deficit and the unemployment rate), but also why it is not sustainable in the long term. Indeed, growth has recently been greatly dependent on European structural funds and an expansive monetary policy. Furthermore, it has induced severe imbalances (increasing current deficit and household debt, thus generating a house price bubble). For the catching-up towards the European Union to continue, higher productivity growth is necessary
Latent consequences of early-life lead (Pb) exposure and the future: Addressing the Pb crisis
Background. The lead (Pb) exposure crisis in Flint, Michigan has passed from well-publicized event to a footnote, while its biological and social impact will linger for lifetimes. Interest in the âwater crisisâ has dropped to pre-event levels, which is neither appropriate nor safe. Flintâs exposure was severe, but it was not unique. Problematic Pb levels have also been found in schools and daycares in 42 states in the USA. The enormity of Pb exposure via municipal water systems requires multiple responses. Herein, we focus on addressing a possible answer to long-term sequelae of Pb exposure. We propose â4Râsâ (remediation, renovation, reallocation, and research) against the Pb crisis that goes beyond a short-term fix. Remediation for affected individuals must continue to provide clean water and deal with both short and long-term effects of Pb exposure. Renovation of current water delivery systems, at both system-wide and individual site levels, is necessary. Reallocation of resources is needed to ensure these two responses occur and to get communities ready for potential sequelae of Pb exposure. Finally, properly focused research can track exposed individuals and illuminate latent (presumably epigenetic) results of Pb exposure and inform further resource reallocation.
Conclusion. Motivation to act by not only the general public but also by scientific and medical leaders must be maintained beyond initial news cycle spikes and an annual follow-up story. Environmental impact of Pb contamination of drinking water goes beyond one exposure incident in an impoverished and forgotten Michigan city. Population effects must be addressed long-term and nationwide
L'Espagne de Zapatero : rupture ou continuité ?
AprĂšs quasiment une dĂ©cennie de pouvoir conservateur (1996-2004), le leader du parti socialiste JosĂ© Luis Rodriguez Zapatero est devenu premier ministre en mars 2004. Il a pris les rĂȘnes dâune Ă©conomie en forte croissance, aprĂšs une importante rĂ©duction du chĂŽmage et un assainissement des finances publiques, permettant au gouvernement de profiter dâamples marges de manĆuvre. Sa tĂąche nâĂ©tait toutefois pas aisĂ©e, lâĂ©conomie espagnole souffrant de nombreux dĂ©sĂ©quilibres : une compĂ©titivitĂ© dĂ©gradĂ©e, de faibles gains de productivitĂ©, des prix immobiliers surĂ©valuĂ©s, un creusement du dĂ©ficit courant et une inflation supĂ©rieure Ă celle de la zone euro. Venaient sây ajouter un dĂ©ficit social criant et le problĂšme de la prĂ©caritĂ© sur le marchĂ© du travail.
Ă quelques mois de la fin de cette lĂ©gislature, cet article vise Ă analyser la politique menĂ©e par les socialistes, aprĂšs avoir fait le point sur lâhĂ©ritage Ă©conomique laissĂ© par les conservateurs. Zapatero a entrepris de nombreuses rĂ©formes, avec une montĂ©e en puissance depuis le milieu de son mandat. Les politiques menĂ©es ont visĂ© Ă soutenir tant lâoffre que la demande. Elles ont rĂ©sultĂ© dâun arbitrage dĂ©licat entre lâimportance des promesses sociales et la volontĂ© de conserver un excĂ©dent budgĂ©taire. Les avancĂ©es ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©elles, mais pas dâune ampleur suffisante pour modifier en profondeur le fonctionnement de lâĂ©conomie espagnole. Les rĂ©formes les plus ambitieuses ont Ă©tĂ© repoussĂ©es, dans lâattente que les nĂ©gociations tripartites aillent plus avant.
La politique Ă©conomique de Zapatero sâinscrit en partie dans la lignĂ©e dâAznar : ce dernier, en imposant une politique budgĂ©taire restrictive pour qualifier lâEspagne Ă la zone euro, a marquĂ© le dĂ©but dâune nouvelle Ăšre, avec une politique de dĂ©ficit zĂ©ro qui nâa pas Ă©tĂ© remise en cause. Cependant, Zapatero a privilĂ©giĂ© les aspects sociaux et lâinvestissement, profitant dâune situation budgĂ©taire saine. Les clivages entre la droite et la gauche nâapparaissent pas tant Ă©conomiques que sociĂ©taux, sociaux et liĂ©s Ă lâexercice du pouvoir. En bref, en matiĂšre Ă©conomique, câest plus sur la mĂ©thode que Zapatero diverge dâAznar, avec le retour du processus de concertation.Succeeding the conservative JosĂ© Maria Aznar, the socialist Luis Rodriguez Zapatero became Prime Minister in March 2004. Economicsâ growth was strong with an important reduction of unemployment and a public deficit close to zero, but many imbalances were pointed out (low productivity, high inflation, a fall of competitiveness, overvalued house prices, precariousness on labour market and low social security benefits). As the end of his term approaches, this article aims at analyzing his economic policies. Zapatero undertook many reforms (on labour market, pensions...), resulting from a delicate trade-off between the social promises and the will to preserve a budget surplus. But these reforms havenât been ambitious enough to deeply modify the Spanish economy. Finally, Zapateroâs economic policies seem very similar to those of Aznar, with the exception of social ones and investment
- âŠ