Exercise Training Effects on Inflammatory Gene Expression in White Adipose Tissue of Young Mice

We aimed to determine the effects of 6 wks of exercise on inflammatory markers in mice concomitantly fed either high-fat (HF) or normal chow (NC) diets in young mice. C57BL/6 mice were randomized into (n = 10/group) an NC/sedentary (NC/SED), NC/exercise (NC/EX), HF/SED, and HF/EX groups. Treadmill exercise was performed 5 d/wk at 12 m/min, with 12% grade for 40 min/d. Liver triglycerides and gene expression of F4/80, MCP-1, TNF-α, leptin, and VEGF in visceral white adipose were determined. NC groups had lower body weights after 6 wks versus the HF groups (22.8 ± 0.2 versus 25.7 ± 0.4 g) (P < 0.0001). F4/80 gene expression (indicator of macrophage infiltration) and liver triglycerides were greatest amongst the HF/SED group, with no differences between the remaining groups. VEGF (indicator of angiogenesis) was greatest in the HF/EX versus the other 3 groups (P < 0.05). Exposure of an HF diet in sedentary young mice increased visceral adipose depots and liver triglycerides versus an NC diet. Exercise training while on the HF diet protected against hepatic steatosis and possibly macrophage infiltration within white adipose tissue. This suggests that moderate exercise while on an HF diet can offer some level of protection early on in the development of obesity

Body composition, muscle strength, functional capacity, and physical disability risk in liver transplanted familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy patients

Abstract: Background: Familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP) is a neurodegenerative disease leading to sensory and motor polyneuropathies, and functional limitations. Liver transplantation is the only treatment for FAP, requiring medication that negatively affects bone and muscle metabolism. The aim of this study was to compare body composition, levels of specific strength, level of physical disability risk, and functional capacity of transplanted FAP patients (FAPTx) with a group of healthy individuals (CON). Methods: A group of patients with 48 FAPTx (28 men, 20 women) was compared with 24 CON individuals (14 men, 10 women). Body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and total skeletal muscle mass (TBSMM) and skeletal muscle index (SMI) were calculated. Handgrip strength was measured for both hands as was isometric strength of quadriceps. Muscle quality (MQ) was ascertained by the ratio of strength to muscle mass. Functional capacity was assessed by the six-minute walk test. Results: Patients with FAPTx had significantly lower functional capacity, weight, body mass index, total fat mass, TBSMM, SMI, lean mass, muscle strength, MQ, and bone mineral density. Conclusion: Patients with FAPTx appear to be at particularly high risk of functional disability, suggesting an important role for an early and appropriately designed rehabilitation program

Differential Post-Exercise Blood Pressure Responses between Blacks and Caucasians

Post-exercise hypotension (PEH) is widely observed in Caucasians (CA) and is associated with histamine receptors 1- and 2- (H1R and H2R) mediated post-exercise vasodilation. However, it appears that blacks (BL) may not exhibit PEH following aerobic exercise. Hence, this study sought to determine the extent to which BL develop PEH, and the contri- bution of histamine receptors to PEH (or lack thereof) in this population. Forty-nine (22 BL, 27 CA) young and healthy subjects completed the study. Subjects were randomly assigned to take either a combined H1R and H2R antagonist (fexofenadine and ranitidine) or a con- trol placebo. Supine blood pressure (BP), cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance measurements were obtained at baseline, as well as at 30 min, 60 min and 90 min after 45 min of treadmill exercise at 70% heart rate reserve. Exercise increased diastolic BP in young BL but not in CA. Post-exercise diastolic BP was also elevated in BL after exercise with histamine receptor blockade. Moreover, H1R and H2R blockade elicited differential responses in stroke volume between BL and CA at rest, and the difference remained follow- ing exercise. Our findings show differential BP responses following exercise in BL and CA, and a potential role of histamine receptors in mediating basal and post-exercise stroke vol- ume in BL. The heightened BP and vascular responses to exercise stimulus is consistent with the greater CVD risk in BL

Short-term training effects on myocardial and arterial function in obese individuals, with and without the metabolic syndrome

The purposes of these studies were to determine the effects of short-term high-intensity exercise training on glucose tolerance, cardiac and arterial function in obese individuals with and without metabolic syndrome (MetSyn). Secondly, the effect of acute hyperglycemia on arterial function was investigated and if short-term training would yield changes during this challenge. Obese men and women (BMI\u3e30 kg/m 2 ; 39-60 yrs) with and without MetSyn (MetSyn 13; Non-MetSyn 18) underwent exercise training consisting of 10 consecutive d of treadmill walking for 1 h/d at 70-75% of peak aerobic capacity. Subjects performed pre and post-training testing for aerobic capacity, glucose tolerance (2 h meal test), standard echocardiography, endothelial function and arterial stiffness. Body weight did not change with training in either group. Aerobic capacity (pre vs post) improved for both groups (main effect: 24.5 ± 1.2 vs. 25.8 ± 1.1 mL/kg/min, p\u3c0.05). Glucose area under the curve improved in the MetSyn group (1017 ± 58 vs. 883 ± 75 pmol/L/min, p\u3c0.05) with no change for the Non-MetSyn group (685 ± 54 vs. 695 ±70 pmol/L/min). Isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) improved in the MetSyn group (97 ± 6 vs. 80 ± 5 msec, p\u3c0.05), and remained normal in the Non-MetSyn group (82 ± 6 vs. 86 ± 5 msec). Endothelial function decreased by ∼20% (p\u3c0.05) for both groups during acute hyperglycemia, and hyperglycemia increased central arterial stiffness (fasted 7.278 ± 0.270 vs. fed 7.735 ± 0.220 m/s; p\u3c0.05). Exercise training did not change arterial measures in the fasted or glucose challenged state. In conclusion, 10 d of high-intensity exercise improved aerobic capacity for obese individuals with and without MetSyn, and diastolic function and glucose tolerance improved in the group with MetSyn. Arterial function did not improve with training for either group, but the meal test did have a deleterious effect on arterial function in both groups

Predictive equations to estimate peak aerobic capacity and peak heart rate in persons with Down syndrome

Copyright © 2022 the American Physiological Society.Estimations based on the available equations for predicting oxygen uptake (V̇o2) from treadmill speed of locomotion are not appropriate for individuals with Down syndrome (DS). We aimed at developing prediction models for peak absolute oxygen uptake (V̇o2peak) and peak heart rate (HRpeak) based on retrospective data from a healthy population with and without Down syndrome (DS). A cross-sectional analysis of V̇o2peak and HRpeak was conducted in 196 and 187 persons with and without DS, respectively, aged from 16 to 45 yr. Nonexercise data alone versus combined with HRpeak were used to develop equations predictive of absolute V̇o2peak. Prediction equations for HRpeak were also developed. Two additional samples of participants (30 with, 29 without DS) enabled model cross-validation. Relative V̇o2peak and HRpeak were lowest for persons with DS across all ages (∼40% and 20 beats·min-1, respectively). For persons with DS, V̇o2peak predictions provided no differences compared with actual values. Predicted HRpeak was similar to actual values in both groups of participants. Large limits of agreement were obtained for V̇o2peak (DS: 735, non-DS: 558.2 mL·min-1) and HRpeak (DS: 24.8, non-DS: 16.6 beats·min-1). Persons with DS exhibit low levels of V̇o2peak and HRpeak in all age groups included in this study. It is possible to estimate absolute V̇o2peak in persons with DS using nonexercise variables. HRpeak can be accurately estimated in groups of people with and without DS. Yet, because of large limits of agreement, caution is advised if using these equations for individual estimations of V̇o2peak or HRpeak in either population.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our data show that it is possible to estimate absolute peak oxygen uptake in persons with Down syndrome using nonexercise variables. Peak heart rate can also be accurately estimated in groups of people with and without Down syndrome. However, because of large limits of agreement, caution is advised if using these equations for individual estimations of peak oxygen uptake or peak heart rate in either population.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio