GIS Based Assessment of Suitability area of Rainwater Harvesting in Daro Labu District, Oromia, Ethiopia

Rainwater harvesting is the process of intercepting, conveying and storing rainfall for future uses. The aim of the research was to assess and mapping suitability area of water harvesting site in Daro Labu District. Various methodologies to identify suitable sites and techniques for rainwater harvesting were use. GIS is the recent technology of spatiotemporal data used to assess the factor of influences for rainfall and runoff depth estimation. The influence factors for the assessment was climate data, soil texture and depth, land use and land cover type, slope difference were use. The SCS–CN for rainfall used to runoff depth estimation and volume from the land surface depends on the level of antecedent moisture condition (AMC.) The length of wet and dry season of the study area were known with antecedent moisture condition of II, I III by having the values of 82, 67and 91 respectively. The annual of 20 years average rainfall was 925.2 mm with maximum and minimum of 1134 mm and 737.3 mm respectively with average annual runoff depth of estimate was 185.3 mm.  From the estimated annual runoff, the volume of water harvested was about 2.89 x 108 m3. From the total area of (156064.72 ha), the suitability map of the study area shows very highly, highly, low  and not potential accounts by coverage areas about 8.2%, 16.6%, 63.5%, and) 7.5% respectively. The runoff in the study area was affected by geomorphological factors, land use change, topography, soil texture and depth, affects the runoff rate and volume significantly. Key words: ArcGIS, Rainwater Harvesting, SCS-Curve Number, Suitability area Daro Labu DOI: 10.7176/JEES/12-10-04 Publication date:October 31st 202

Impact of Different Nitrogen Amount and Seeding Rates on Growth and Yield of NERICA 4 Rice Varieties in Upland Conditions

With the recent breakthrough in the development of the New Rice for Africa (NERICA) for the upland production system and the high demand for rice, farmers’ interest in growing upland rice has increased. A field experiment was conducted at  Tsukuba International center, Japan  from May to October 2019 to evaluate the response of rice to seed rate and nitrogen fertilizer application and also determine economically optimum seed rate and nitrogen level for NERICA-4 upland variety. The experiment contained factorial combination of four levels of nitrogen (0, 30, 60, 90 kg ha-1 and two seed rates (60& 80 Kg ha-1). The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design plot arrangement with three replications. The results from this study indicated that seed rate showed no significant effect on total dry matter weight, plant length, SPAD value, Leaf area index, panicle number, spikelet number, ripening ratio and grain yield while the total number of tillers was significant.  However, nitrogen fertilizer rates significantly (p < 0.05) affected in plant length, tiller number, SPAD value, dry matter and Leaf area index. Except 1000grain, all the yield and yield component parameters have also shown a significant increase up to the rate of 90 kg N ha−1. The highest grain yield (3340 kg∙ha−1) was recorded  using 90 kg N ha−1 followed by 60 kg N ha−1 (3200 kg ha−1) and the lowest yield (2100 kg  ha−1) was recorded from control .  Marginal rate of return analysis is also showed that the treatment with N fertilizer rate of 90 kg N ha−1 and seed rate 60 kg ha−1 gave the highest Marginal rate of return 1217 % followed by the treatment with N fertilizer rate of 60 kg N ha−1 and seed rate 60 kg ha−1.The general trend of the data indicated that the fertilizer rate has a greatest impact on grain yield compared to the seed rate of rice crop. Based on this study using 60 kg/ha seed rate and application of 90 kg N ha−1 gives high grain yield for rice crop production at experimental site. Keywords:  Economic profit, Seed rate, N fertilizer rate, Optimum grain yield, Marginal rate of return DOI: 10.7176/JNSR/12-4-05 Publication date: February 28th 202

Infant Feeding Practice and Associated Factors of HIV Positive Mothers Attending Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission and Antiretroviral Therapy Clinics in Shashemene Referal Hospital

Background: - HIV/AIDS remains one of the greatest burdens in the world today. In Sub-Saharan Africa, with a prevalence of HIV infection were 5.0%, still accounts for over two thirds (68%) of infections. Without intervention to prevent mother-to-child transmission, 30-45% of infants born to HIV-positive mothers in developing countries become infected during pregnancy, delivery and breastfeeding.Objective:-To assess infant feeding practice and associated factors of HIV positive mothers attending prevention of mother to child transmission and antiretroviral therapy clinics in Shashemene Referral Hospital.Methods: Facility based cross-sectional study was conducted from March 2016 to April 2016, in Shashemene Referral Hospital.  The study participants were selected by using simple random sampling computer generated technique. Both bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to identify associated factors.Result: - The mean age the respondents were 29.73 years, of which 79.5% were from urban residence.The proportion of infant feeding practice among population was determined which revealed that 96.6% were EBF followed by ERF 4(2.7%) with independent predictors of favorable attitude (AOR = 22.173 (95%CI = 1.643-299.194), good NVP adherence for baby (AOR = 26.917 (95%CI = 2.102-344.69) were independent predictors of recommended way of infant feeding practice (EBF) for the first six months.Out of total study respondents about 56.8% with 95% CI of (49.3- 64.4%) had good knowledge towards infant feeding practice with identified factors of favorable attitude (AOR = 10.95 (95%CI = 3.855-31.118), duration of stay with partner (AOR = 7.078 (95%CI = 2.140-23.46), educational status of  the mother (AOR= 14.421 (95%CI = 2.515-82.708) and primary source of information on infant feeding from Health care provider (AOR= 63.69(95%CI = 4.194-967.37) and mass media ( AOR= 5.811 (1.348-25.091) were identified factors  demonstrated greater likelihoods of had good knowledge among the study participants. This determined that the rate of HIV exposed infants positivity was 6(4.1%) at six weeks and 8(5.5%) at 18 months by rapid antibody test.Conclusion and recommendation: - The proportion of exclusive breast feeding, good knowledge and favorable attitude among HIV positive mothers revealed that 96.3%, 56.8% and 75% respectively in the study area.The rate HIV positive of HIV exposed infants were 6(4.1%) at six weeks by dry blood spot (DBS) and 8(5.5%) at 18 months by rapid antibody test. This study identified that different factors contributed for having good knowledge and practice of exclusive breast feeding among the study population. Therefore, these factors would be emphatically considered during development of infants feeding program by policy makers and health planners. Keywords: Infant feeding practice, HIV-positive mothers, PMTCT, ART Shashemene Referral Hospital

Impact of Temperature and Rainfall Change on Epidemics caused by Plant viruses

Plant virus diseases are one of the limiting factors to crop productivity by diminishing the quantity, quality and responsible for significant economic losses worldwide. The Epidemic of plant virus diseases is the result of interactions between virus, host plant, vector, and environmental factors. Changes in host plants and insect vector dynamics that result from temperature and rainfall change could have an influence on the spread of plant viruses. The rising of temperature and heat stress increase the susceptibility of host plants to virus infection and accelerates the fitness of viruses to cause disease. The increasing temperature also changes insect vector population dynamics by accelerating insect phenology, causing earlier and prolonged colonization because it makes appropriate environmental conditions for the insect vectors. Insect populations of most virus vectors build up more rapidly in areas with high temperatures and high relative humidity and decline at low temperature. In addition, the rising temperatures can increase the efficiency of virus transmission from infected to healthy plants by insect vectors. An increasing frequency of heavy rainfall events is likely to slow the virus prevalence and incidence by washing insect vectors, thus reducing vector density. Flooding within annual crop growing period enhances the subsequent growth of weed and volunteer crop plant which act as reservoirs of insect vectors and the viruses, and its occurrence outside growing seasons increases subsequent growth of such reservoirs. Keywords: Host plant; Vectors; Virus epidemics DOI: 10.7176/JNSR/12-3-05 Publication date: February 28th 202

The Derg-SPLM/A Cooperation: An Aspect of Ethio-Sudan Proxy Wars

The warm and friendly Ethio-Sudan diplomatic relations that followed Sudan’s independence in 1956 and the long standing frontier trade between the two countries have been severely damaged by the outbreak of civil wars in southern Sudan in 1955 as well as in Eritrea in 1962. As the civil wars intensified in both countries, the influx of refugees and insurgents across their common border took place. Internal political and socio-economic problems in Ethiopia and the Sudan, together with super-power rivalries in the Horn brought about periods of increasing hostilities between the two countries. On a tit for tat basis, both the Imperial and military governments of Ethiopia and the successive governments of the Sudan came to encourage and assist cross-border guerrilla forces from either side. Thus, animosity rather than cooperation characterized relations between the Sudan and Ethiopia until the fall of the Derg in 1991. Keywords: Derg, Ethio-sudan relations, SPLM/A, proxy war

Review on Maize Chlorotic Mottle Virus: Distribution, Host Range, Transmission Mechanisms and Management Options

Plant virus diseases are serious constraints to the productivity and profitability of a wide range of crops. Epidemics of existing plant virus diseases and the emergence of novel virus diseases have become a serious threat to subsistence and commercial agriculture. The knowledge of virus transmission and its survival helps to understand how the disease transmits from infected plant to healthy, where it reserved, and this will lead to identify the most important variables and focus efforts to develop sustainable management strategies. Maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) is transmitted from location to location, and from plant to plant through various mechanisms (mechanically, seed, insect vectors, and soil) and many kinds of wild grass and cultivated crops, maize residue are used as its reservoirs. Different weed species and cultivated plants used as alternate hosts, and soil and seed transmissibility of MCMV are epidemiologically important and contribute to maintaining virus inoculum available in the absence of maize in the field and increase the chances of continuing its survival. Integrated disease management approach, regular field monitoring, assessment of virus symptoms, and rouging-out diseased plants are recommended to prevent further spread by insect vectors. Apart from this, because the disease is still widespread in various countries, intensive MCMV recruitment, combined with integrated disease management, requires ongoing practice in countries where MCMV is prevalent and in those countries that have not yet reported MCMV. Keywords: Integrated management; Insect vector; plant residue; Soil transmission; Zea mays DOI: 10.7176/JNSR/13-5-02 Publication date:March 31st 202

Adoption and Cost Benefit Analysis of Sesame Technology in Drought Prone Areas of Ethiopia: Implication for Sustainable Commercialization

This article documents the determinants of household-level of adoption and cost  benefit analysis based on the data  collected  in 2014 G.C from 140 randomly -selected households in drought prone areas of Ethiopia namely from West Herreghe Zone, Meisso district. Data for the study was obtained from formal household questionnaire survey, key informant discussion and direct observation of farmers fields. .In addition, secondary data were collected from relevant sources such as  different research institute, zonal and wereda bureau of agriculture . In order to describe and compare different categories of the sample units with respect to the desired characteristics mean, standard deviation and percentage were used. Furthermore, chi-square test and an independent sample t-test were used to identify variables that vary significantly between adopters and non-adopter.Logistic regression (binary logit) analysis was used to identify the relative importance of the various factors associated with adoption of improved sesame technologies. The economic analysis using the partial budgeting method and price sensitivity analysis were also used to ascertain the profitability of the adopted improved sesame technologies. The result of the study indicated that about 42.9% of the sample respondents were adopters of the improved sesame technologies ,while 57.1 % non- adopters. Results of the logistic regression analysis indicate that among 18, identified explanatory variables 9, of them significantly influenced adoption of improved sesame technologies. Education,sex, family labor supply, livestock onwership,total farm income earned ,perception on varieties attributes, farmer to farmers knowledge sharing and  years experience in sesame crop production are associated singificantly and positively with adoption of improved sesame technologies.whereas,distance from market center is associated significantly but negatively. The partial budget results also indicate that improved sesame  technology was highly profitable compared to local cultivars .The overall finding of the study underlined the high importance of institutional support in the areas of extension service to insist farmer-to-farmer knowledge sharing, credit and market to enhance adoption of improved sesame technology. There is also need to consider farmers’ views during the new technology development, evaluation and dissemination process. Moreover, due attention and policy consideration has to be given by government to those significant variables which have a potential impact in determining farmer’s adoption decision in the study area. Keywords: Logistic regression (binary logit) analysis, seseame tecchnology adoption, Cost Benefit Analysis  Sensitivity , Ethiopi

Plant Viruses Detection and Diagnosis Based on Polymerase Chain Reaction Techniques: Review

Plant virus diseases result in the loss of billions of dollars annually by limiting plant production quantity and quality in the world. Among different strategies adapted for plant virus disease management, proper diagnosis and detection are the most important and essential strategies for the development of appropriate control measures. The current advanced techniques developed for the detection of plant viruses provided the chance to take practical managemental actions timely. Nowadays one of the most advanced diagnosis methods, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used extensively for the detection and identification of plant viruses. PCR is the advanced method that allows the specific amplification and hence detection of target DNA sequences from a mixture of nucleic acid extract in which specific amplification of targeted fragments of a single or a few copies of source DNA material is achieved within a few hours. The PCR method copies each piece of DNA fragments through all the cycles that leading to an exponential doubling of copies over time. Several modifications of PCR methods have been developed to boost the effectiveness of the method in diagnostic settings based on their applications. Reverse transcriptase PCR, immunocapture PCR, Multiplex PCR, co-operational PCR, and real-time PCR are the common and widely used types of PCR variants. Keywords: Detection techniques; PCR; Plant virus DOI: 10.7176/ALST/86-02 Publication date:March 31st 202

Intimate Partner Violence against Married Women and Associated Factors in Gedo Town, Oromia, Ethiopia

Background: Violence against women is worldwide public health problem. The problem of domestic violence in developing countries started surfacing in the last decade. However, lack of data from these countries still curtails a full understanding of the issues, and the magnitude and potential impacts it has on the life of women affected by domestic violence. The aim of this study was to assess intimate partner violence against married women in Gedo town, West Showa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia. Results:  The mean age of the study participants were 30.58yrs with SD±7.01years and the majority of ethnicity were Oromo 285(86.9%).  This study revealed that 27.6% of married women had faced physical violence with independent predictors of age (21-0(AOR=11.874), have no formal education (AOR=10.53) & attended grade 1-8th(AOR=15.31),abduction(AOR=6.67), faced psychological violence(AOR=7.74), family size less than four (AOR=29.84) and living with her  mother/father(AOR=12.99), while 31.0% were faced psychological violence with  significantly associated of Educational level(have no formal education(AOR=3.52),age of first marriage(<16)(AOR=5.31), smoking tobacco(AOR=8.58), partner chew chat (AOR=2.12), Faced physically violence(AOR=5) and finally 21.7% were experienced sexual violence with independent predictors of educational(9-11thgrade)(AOR=8.1),marriage(family supported (AOR=2.98), marital length(6-10yrs)(AOR=3.29), person live in the same HH(no one live)(AOR=3.71), smoker (AOR=19.1), Faced psychological violence (AOR= 2.37)respectively. Methods: A community based cross-sectional study design with quantitative data collection methods were employed from April 5 to April 15/2015. The study participants were selected by using simple random sampling computer generated technique. Both bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to identify associated factors. The results were presented by using tables, figures and narratives Conclusion: This study determined that the prevalence of Intimate partner violence against married women and associated factors which revealed that the proportion of IPVAWs had faced one violence from the three types of violence were 102(31.3%) with 95% CI of (25.8%-36.2%), of which 56(17.2%) with 95% CI of (12.9%-21.8%) were faced two from three types of violence among this population. The overall overlapped of all three types of violence of IPVAW was 16(4.9%) with 95% CI (2.8%-7.4%) among married women in Gedo town. Finally this study identified sociodemographic and Household Related Factors associated with Intimate partner violence against married women. Therefore, these factors would be emphatically considered during development of women health and family guidance by police makers in collaboration with others responsible bodies. Keywords:-Intimate partner violence against married women, Gedo Town, Oromia, Ethiopi

Occurrence, Distribution, Economic Importance and Management of Maize Chlorotic Mottle Virus: A Review

Plant virus diseases are serious constraints to the production and productivity of a wide range of crops among which maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) is a serious problem in maize production and productivity. The virus is primarily originated in South America (Peru) and later distributed into many countries of all the continents except Australia and Antarctica. It is transmitted from location to location, and from plant to plant mechanically, through seed, insect vectors, and/or soil. The virus has many host ranges of agricultural crops (Maize, Sorghum, Sugarcane and Finger millet) and wild species (Dinebra retroflexa, Setaria verticillata, Cyperus assimilis, Digitaria ternta and  Oplismenus hirtellus). MCMV alone causes 10-15% crop loss and up to 100% loss when it co-infects maize plants with other maize viruses such as maize dwarf mosaic virus, Sugar cane mosaic virus or Wheat streak mosaic virus. No any single disease control measure alone is effective in controlling the MCMV. However, an integrated virus disease management options (the use of disease-resistant crop varieties, proper field sanitation, removal of infection sources, use of virus-free seeds and chemical pesticides to indirectly control insect vectors) play a critical role in controlling the virus. Since the current status of the disease is wide spreading and on increasing trend, intensive MCMV employment, combined with integrated disease management, requires ongoing practice in countries where the virus is prevalent and in those countries that have not yet reported MCMV. Keywords: Integrated management; Insect vector; plant residue; Soil transmission; Zea mays DOI: 10.7176/ALST/87-03 Publication date: April 30th 202