“The Effectiveness of International Humanitarian Law in the Israel-Palestine Conflict 2014”

The international armed conflict between Israel and Palestine in 2014 became a major concern of the international society at the time. The 51-day war left facts and questions about the effectiveness of humanitarian law for international relations students. To measure how effective international humanitarian law is in the conflict, the researcher used the concept of legal effectiveness and the principles in international humanitarian law. The concept states that the law can be said to be effective if the actors can carry out the principles contained therein. In the conflict, it turned out that many violations of the law of war are perpetrated by both parties, especially Israel. It can be seen from some of the principles of international humanitarian law that are ignored; the principle of proportionality, the principle of limitation and the principle of humanity. There is also an increasing number of civilian losses and casualties being an important indication that determines the effectiveness of international humanitarian law.Keywords: The Effectiveness of Law, the Principles of International Humanitarian Law, Casualties, Israel – Palestin

Seventh and Twelfth-Order Iterative Methods for Roots of Nonlinear Equations

This study presents two iterative methods, based on Newton’s method, to attain the numerical solutions of nonlinear equations. We prove that our methods have seven and twelve orders of convergence. The analytical investigation has been established to show that our schemes have higher efficiency indexes than some recent methods. Numerical examples are executed to investigate the performance of the proposed schemes. Moreover, the theoretical order of convergence is verified on the numerical examples

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN JUS ALPUKAT (PERSEA AMERICANA [MILL]) TERHADAP PENINGKATAN KADAR HEMOGLOBIN IBU HAMIL TM II DI PUSKESMAS SINDANG KABUPATEN INDRAMAYU

Anemia occurs worlwide, especially in developing countries and in low socioeconomic groups. i.e. in 45% of women. Anemia is one of the causes of bleeding. Various attempts have been made, but have not shown the maximum results. Need other efforts in the nutrition form of avocado juice to  overcome the anemia of pregnancy. This research aims to determine the effect of avocado juice on hemoglobin levels of pregnant women. The type of this research is Quasi Experimental design which implemented in November to December 2017 with 33 respondents of trimester II pregnant women who have HB<11g/dL and determined by purposes sampling. Repondents filled out questionnaires to determine their characteristics and performed laboratorium checkup 3 times, pre, on day 7 and 14 after intervention. The result of the research shows that Hb level average of control groups is p=0.441, whileHb level average of intervention group is p=0.043. It concludes that there was a positive effect of consuming avocado juice for 14 days in increasing the average of Hb levelsAnemia terjadi di seluruh dunia, terutama di negara berkembang dan pada kelompok sosio-ekonomi rendah, yaitu pada 45 % wanita. Anemia merupakan salah satu penyebab tidak langsung kematian ibu. Berbagai upaya dilakukan, namun belum menunjukkan hasil maksimal. Perlu upaya lain berupa pemberian jus alpukat untuk mengatasi anemia kehamilan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh pemberian jus alpukat terhadap kadar hemoglobin ibu hamil. Jenis penelitian ini adalah Quasi experimental design, dilaksanakan bulan November s.d. Desember 2017 di Puskesmas Sindang. Jumlah responden 33 ibu hamil trimester II, kadar Hb < 11 g/dL ditentukan dengan purposive sampling. Responden mengisi kuesioner, kemudian dilakukan pemeriksaan kadar Hb 3 kali yaitu pre, hari ke-7, dan 14 setelah intervensi. Hasil penelitian ini yaitu kadar Hb rata-rata kelompok kontrol (p=0,441) sedangkan intervensi (p=0,023). Untuk jumlah eritrosit rata-rata pada kelompok kontrol (p=1,000) sedangkan intervensi (p=0,043). Simpulan peneltian ini adalah terdapat pengaruh positif pemberian jus alpukat selama 14 hari terhadap peningkatan kadar HB rata-rata

Reliability of Bond Strength Using Universal Adhesives to Variable Dentin Conditions

Brief Background: Both three-step etch-and-rinse adhesives and universal adhesives have proven their effectiveness to produce successful bond to dentin. However, there are no studies comparing adhesives’ bond strength when applied by multiple operators, and to variable dentin conditions. Objectives: To evaluate and compare the bond strength of a universal adhesive when applied by multiple operators, and to variable dentin conditions, in comparison to three- step etch-and-rinse adhesive. Methods: Three hundred extracted human teeth were embedded in resin. Five dentists with at least ten years of experience in general dentistry and five pre-dental students applied a universal adhesive (Adhese Universal, Ivoclar Vivadent, Amherst, NY) and an etch-and-rinse adhesive (OptiBond FL, Kerr, Orange, CA) on wet, moist and dry dentin surfaces (n=5/group). Subsequently, composite restorations (Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill, Ivoclar Vivadent) were applied using Ultradent shear bond testing jig. After a technique demonstration, the same operators repeated the same bonding procedures. Shear bond strength test was conducted using a universal testing machine (Instron, Canton, MA, USA). Failure mode was evaluated by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: After calculating the descriptive statistics and pairwise comparisons using a Tukey HSD, a significant difference in dentin bond strength by adhesive was found, p\u3c0.001. Overall universal adhesives possessed 7.38MPa +/-0.73 greater dentin bond strength than etch-and-rinse adhesives. Additionally, a significant difference in dentin bond strength by the operator and surface condition was observed. However, there was no significant difference in dentin bond strength by demonstration. While there was no difference between the dentin surface conditions for the universal adhesive, a significant difference was found with etch-and-rinse adhesive between moist and wet (moist 2.67MPa+/-0.89 greater than wet) (p=0.002), and dry and wet conditions (dry 3.79MPa+/- 0.89 greater than wet) (p\u3c0.001). Further, there was no difference between moist and dry conditions with etch-and-rinse adhesive. Regarding the operators’ variability, expert dentists obtained higher bond strength values (1.65MPa+/-0.73) (p=0.030) than dental students with etch-and-rinse adhesive. However, such a difference was not found with universal adhesive. Conclusion: Universal adhesive showed unaffected to dentin surface condition and operator differences. On the contrary, etch-and-rinse adhesive was influenced by the variability of surface condition and the operator’s expertise. The tested universal adhesive was found to be more reliable as an adhesive system in comparison to the etch-and-rinse adhesives

MODEL MATEMATIKA UNTUK STRATEGI MENGUNGSI-RELOKASI PADA BERPELITA (Buku cERdas PEnduduk Lereng gunung apI Tergolong Aktif)

Meletusnya Gunung Merapi pada tahun 2010 mengakibatkan terhentinya aktivitas warga selama lebih dari dua minggu. Besarnya gangguan yang ditimbulkan diakibatkan jumlah material vulkanik yang telah dikeluarkan sejak erupsi pada 26 Oktober 2010 hingga penghujung tahun 2010 telah mencapai 150 juta meter kubik (Kompas.com:2010). Pemerintah menginstruksikan warga untuk mengungsi. Sayangnya, belum ada sistem pengungsian yang terkoordinir dengan baik. Selain itu, biaya transportasi pengungsian dan relokasi menjadi sangat besar. Berdasarkan uraian masalah di atas, masalah dapat dirumuskan dengan “Bagaimana menyusun rute antara lokasi pengungsian dan lokasi relokasi agar biaya transportasi relokasi minimum?” Model matematika cocok untuk mengatasi masalah ini. Model matematika adalah model yang menggunakan simbol matematika atau logika untuk menyederhankan bahkan memcahkan masalah (Maki,1973:8). Penulisan ini diawali dari pengamatan terhadap permasalahan biaya relokasi yang relatif besar. Dengan mengacu pada aturan metode ilmiah permodelan matematika, studi ini disusun. Dari studi tersebut diketahui beberapa faktor yang berpengaruh langsung pada biaya tempuh. Faktor-faktor tersebut yaitu faktor lokasi pengungsian, lokasi relokasi, efektifitas jalan, tingkat kemacetan jalan, hambatan cuaca, biaya angkutan dan satuan angkutan. Model ini bertujuan untuk mencari hubungan matematis antar faktor-faktor, sehingga dapat diprediksi biaya relokasi yang akurat dan minimum. Model ini tidak hanya berlaku untuk masalah relokasi pengungsi Merapi, tetapi juga manajemen pengungsiannya (jika diasumskan graf menjadi 2 arah). Penggunaan model dengan peta gunung berapi aktif lain (contoh: Gunung Bromo), maka model dapat kembali digunakan. Kata Kunci: Minimalisasi biaya mengungsi relokasi, Optimasi rute transportasi

Demographic Structure, Human Capital, and Economic Growth: Evidence from Turkey

Purpose: The aim of this study is to examine the long-run and short-run impact of demographic structure and human capital on the economic growth of Turkey.   Theoretical framework: The shift in demographic dividend which witness shifts in age structures, have led to positive prospects, which have resulted in the decline in rate of births leading to a decline in a country’s young dependent group, and subsequently caused an increase in the percentage of the workforce working-age numbers. In the past few decades, there has been a noticeable substantial shift in the population structure with regard to the percentage of the cohort of working age population in Turkey that could have consequences on the economy.   Design/Methodology/Approach: The annual time series data of Turkey for the time period 1990 to 2020 was employed through the utilization of Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model to investigate the association between the demographic structure, human capital and economic growth.   Findings: The results revealed that variations in the age structure, as manifested by the variations in the age cohorts of the working-age population, possess substantial favorable impacts on economic growth in the short and long run. The research also revealed that human capital impacts on economic growth in a positive way in the short run.   Research, practical & social implications: The study revealed that there is a substantial shift in the population fabric in Turkey. The ongoing changes that have transpired relatively rapidly might have significant economic consequences for the country in the future. Hence, it is therefore recommended that Turkey acquire demographic and economic measures which will stimulate the population to be intensively involved in the workforce. This is to garner the gains of demographic and educational returns as a major method towards the attainment of a high level of economic growth.   Originality/Value: This study utilizes working age population more broadly than most of the literature, using disaggregated age groups based on age. The key motivation for this is to ascertain the role of each age group, and its effect on economic growth

Congenital pyloric atresia: clinical features, diagnosis, associated anomalies, management and outcome

Background: Congenital pyloric atresia (CPA) is very rare and usually seen as an isolated anomaly, which has an excellent prognosis. CPA can be associated with other anomalies or familial and these are usually associated with other hereditary conditions with poor prognosis. This review is based on our experience with 20 infants with CPA.Patients and methods: This is a review of CPA, highlighting its clinical features; associated anomalies; and aspects of diagnosis, management and outcome.Results: This review is based on our experience with 20 patients with CPA (nine male and 11 female). Their mean birth weight was 2.1 kg (1.1-3.9 kg). Polyhydramnios was seen in 13 (65%) patients. Seven patients were full-term and the remaining 13 were premature. Two were brothers and four were members of the same family. Isolated CPA was seen in seven (35%) patients and 13 had associated anomalies. Epidermolysis bullosa was seen in eight (40%) patients and multiple intestinal atresias in five (25%). Three patients had associated esophageal atresia. Pyloric diaphragm was the most common and seen in 13 patients including double diaphragms in two followed by pyloric atresia with a gap in four and pyloric atresia without a gap in three. All patients did well in the early postoperative period; however, 10 died later giving an overall survival of 40%. Sepsis was the main cause of death.Conclusion: CPA is a very rare malformation that can be familial and inherited as an autosomal recessive. It can either occur as an isolated lesion with an excellent prognosis, or be associated with other anomalies. The overall prognosis of CPA, however, is still poor, and this is due to the frequent-and often fatal-associated anomalies.Keywords: aplasia cutis congenita, congenital pyloric atresia, epidermolysis bullosa, hereditary multiple intestinal atresi

AN IMPLICATION OF ACTINOMYCETES ON HUMAN WELL-BEING: A REVIEW

This review conceptualizes about the actinomycetes and its contribution to human health by playing a key role as bioactive secondary metabolites, such as enzymes, antibiotics and pigments, leading to their diverse applications and use in various industries. These searches have been uncommonly successful, and around 66% of naturally happening antibiotics, including many medically important, have been isolated from actinomycetes. The speedy occurrence of antimicrobial resistance among pathogens has led to a renewed interest to search for novel antimicrobial agents, but these antibiotics are not enough for the treatment of all diseases because there is a berserk requirement for a novel actinomycetes to combat against the antibiotic-resistant strains of pathogenic microorganisms, which are quickly expanding bit by bit. Actinomycetes are the important providers to the pharmaceutical and other industries and are well known for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites many of which are active against pathogenic microorganisms

Generation Gap from Family Orientation Point of View: A Case on PT. Panggung Jaya Indah Textile

Family businesses account for 95 percent of all existing businesses in Indonesia, but only 12 percent survived to the third generation. The occurrence of various conflicts, differences, and problems in the family business gave rise to a well-known social stigma: the first generation builds, the second generation enjoys, and the third generation destroys. In this literature, the authors wish to examine the generation gap that exists at PT. Panggung Jaya Indah Textile/ PT Pajitex, a sarong manufacturer company with the brand "Sarung Mangga," from a family-oriented standpoint. In this study, the type of research used is descriptive qualitative research. Internal informants chosen are the owner of the company as the first generation and the owner’s daughter as the second generation. Meanwhile, Ciputra University’s main professor teaching a family business class on the Magister Management program has been chosen as an external informant of this literature. The findings of this research explain the generation gap problems between the first and second generations of PT. Pajitex and ways to overcome those obstacles