PERFORMANCE OF ALUMINIUM SULPHATE AND POLYALUMINIUM CHOLORIDE IN BIODIESEL WASTEWATER

ABSTRACT The production of biodiesel through the transesterification method produces a large amount of wastewater that contains a high level of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and oil and grease (O&G). In this study, coagulation was adopted to treat the biodiesel wastewater. Two types of coagulation were examined using a standard jar test apparatus, i.e. polyaluminium chloride (PAC) and aluminium sulphate. The effects of pH and coagulant dosage were examined at 150 rpm of rapid mixing and 20 rpm slow mixing and 30 min settling time. Higher removal of suspended solids (SS), colour, oil and grease (over 90%), and COD (over 80%) were achieved at pH 6. PAC was found to be superior to aluminium sulphate, yielding a lower amount of coagulation, i.e., 300 mg/L. The result indicated that the coagulation and flocculation process played bigger roles in the integrated treatment system

A REVIEW OF SUSTAINABLE NEIGHBORHOOD INDICATOR FOR URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN LIBYA

ABSTRACT The sustainability of a neighborhood has a crucial role in preserving the environment for future generations. The development of neighborhoods consumes an excessive amount of land that needs to be protected. Libya must consider sustainable neighborhood indicators in its urban planning and design to allow future generations to benefit from such development. This paper focuses on issues that are related to the sustainable neighborhood indicators and development of Libya. Specifically, sustainable neighborhood development was investigated on the basis of shareholders, whereas the sustainable neighborhood indicators were examined in terms of their physical features and benefits. Results showed that sustainable neighborhood indicators of various countries are generally similar and only differ depending on their regional climate characteristics. This paper proposes several approaches for optimizing the sustainable neighborhood indicators of Libya

The Effect on Leachability and Indoor Air Quality by Incorporating Waste Material into Fired Clay Brick

Abstract. Recently waste material pollution is a critical issue in every developing country. The factors such as increasing of growing population, daily and industrial activities will lead to these phenomena. These issues give an idea to use waste as a construction material that will give minimum impact towards the environment. Many researchers have been studied on waste material such as organic waste, sludge, fly ash, rice husk and processed waste tea into fired clay brick. In this study, the investigate on the incorporating of cigarette butts (CBs) was conducted. During this study, different percentages of CBs (0%, 2.5% and 5.0%) were added into fired clay brick. Meanwhile, different heating rates were applied during the firing stage, which are 1°C/min, 3°C/min and 5°C/min respectively. All samples were fired up to 1050°C. Leaching tests were carried out to investigate the possibility of heavy metals leached from the manufactured brick. The results demonstrated that, in terms of physical and mechanical properties, CB Brick (2.5%) at 1°C/min improved the most and leached low heavy metals. For IAQ test, CB Brick (2.5%) fired at 1°C/min is acceptable to be used as building materials since it complied with ICOP-IAQ

The Effect on Leachability and Indoor Air Quality by Incorporating Waste Material into Fired Clay Brick

Abstract. Recently waste material pollution is a critical issue in every developing country. The factors such as increasing of growing population, daily and industrial activities will lead to these phenomena. These issues give an idea to use waste as a construction material that will give minimum impact towards the environment. Many researchers have been studied on waste material such as organic waste, sludge, fly ash, rice husk and processed waste tea into fired clay brick. In this study, the investigate on the incorporating of cigarette butts (CBs) was conducted. During this study, different percentages of CBs (0%, 2.5% and 5.0%) were added into fired clay brick. Meanwhile, different heating rates were applied during the firing stage, which are 1°C/min, 3°C/min and 5°C/min respectively. All samples were fired up to 1050°C. Leaching tests were carried out to investigate the possibility of heavy metals leached from the manufactured brick. The results demonstrated that, in terms of physical and mechanical properties, CB Brick (2.5%) at 1°C/min improved the most and leached low heavy metals. For IAQ test, CB Brick (2.5%) fired at 1°C/min is acceptable to be used as building materials since it complied with ICOP-IAQ

Experimental Study for Phycoremediation of Botryococcus sp. On Greywater

Abstract. Greywater (GW) is identified as waste disposal from home activites that is discharging from laundry, bath and wash-basin. GW useful in irrigation of a garden and aids to reduce cost as well as maintain the environmental prosperity. This paper discussed the effectiveness of Botryococcus sp. to clean GW in phycoremediation treatment. This process involves as growing the Botryococcus sp. in the GW which is contributing to utilize supplements in GW for its grow. The results indicated that Botryococcus sp. is effective to reduce COD (88%), BOD (82%), TIC (76%), TC (58%), TN (52%), TOC (39%), Phosphate (37.5%) and pH (7%) for 100% concentration of GW. Meanwhile, for the 50% of GW concentration Botryococcus sp. capable to remove such as COD (83%), TIC (82%), BOD (68%), TN (67%), Phosphate (36.8%), TC (34%), TOC (31%) and pH (1.2%). Then, the study concludes that Botryococcus sp. can grow effectively in GW and be able to reduce the rate of nutrient in GW

Experimental Study for Phycoremediation of Botryococcus sp. On Greywater

Abstract. Greywater (GW) is identified as waste disposal from home activites that is discharging from laundry, bath and wash-basin. GW useful in irrigation of a garden and aids to reduce cost as well as maintain the environmental prosperity. This paper discussed the effectiveness of Botryococcus sp. to clean GW in phycoremediation treatment. This process involves as growing the Botryococcus sp. in the GW which is contributing to utilize supplements in GW for its grow. The results indicated that Botryococcus sp. is effective to reduce COD (88%), BOD (82%), TIC (76%), TC (58%), TN (52%), TOC (39%), Phosphate (37.5%) and pH (7%) for 100% concentration of GW. Meanwhile, for the 50% of GW concentration Botryococcus sp. capable to remove such as COD (83%), TIC (82%), BOD (68%), TN (67%), Phosphate (36.8%), TC (34%), TOC (31%) and pH (1.2%). Then, the study concludes that Botryococcus sp. can grow effectively in GW and be able to reduce the rate of nutrient in GW

Cigarette Butts Pollution and Environmental Impact -A Review

Abstract. Worldwide, cigarette butts (CBs) are among the most common type of litter. The United States Department of Agriculture estimates that in 2004 over 5.5 trillion cigarettes were produced in the world. This is equivalent to an estimated of 1.2 million tonnes of cigarette butt waste per year. These figures are expected to increase by more than 50% by 2025 according to American Cancer Society, mainly due to an increase in global population. This paper presents a review of the environmental problems associated with CBs, which have been found to be the number one littered item in Australia over the past years. It is estimated 25 to 30 billion filter cigarettes are smoked each year; of these, an estimated 7 billion become litter. The CBs accumulate due to the poor biodegradability of the cellulose acetate filter, and the toxicity constituent trapped within threatens human life, marine ecosystems as well as the environment if not disposed in an appropriate manner. With the increasing concern arising from insufficient landfill sites and the growing environmental awareness about toxic incinerator emissions, there is a critical need for an alternative method for CB waste disposal which is environmentally acceptable

pH Effect on Phosphorus Removal in Synthetic Wastewater by Using Electric Arc Furnace Lab-scale Filter

Abstract. Phosphorus is known as non-renewable source and due to its high levels of phosphorus in water body may lead to eutrophication problems. It may come from many sources such as industry, agriculture and from wastewater treatment plant. Large excessive of phosphorus may increase the purification cost and serious water quality problem because of the effect of algae toxin in water. Conventional wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) requires lot of cost such as labour, capital and maintenance costs. Therefore, the lab-scale aerated steel slag filter (ASSF) emerged as an alternative method to remove phosphorus from water due to its simple and also low cost technology has been developed to overcome this problem. This lab-scale filter has been conducted by using synthetic wastewater for an eight weeks starting from 19 March until 4 th May 2014. This study is to investigate the effect of pH range from 4.5 to 7.5 and temperature for phosphorus removal mechanism. From this study, result shows that lab-scale ASSF achieve about 90% of phosphorus removal at pH 5.0. Based on X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis, the steel slag is rich in Ca, Al and Fe which is enhance the P removal with the influence of pH for precipitation mechanism process in this experiment

Shearing Rate Effects On Research Centre For Soft Soils (Recess) Clay Using Cone Penetration Test (CPT)

Abstract. A wide range of industrial applications, on land and offshore, require the solution of time domain problems and an associated understanding of rate effects in clay soils. In recent decades many researchers have examined the correlation between shear strength of soils and variation of shear strain rate and it is generally accepted that the strength increases by 1-5% for each order of magnitude increase in shear strain rate. This paper discusses the effects of penetration rate on the penetration resistance (q c ) by using cone penetration test (CPT) test setup. The research had been conducted at RECESS and cone penetration test were used in three selected range of rate which were 0.5 cm/s, 1cm/s and 5cm/s. In addition, Mackintosh probe test had been considered as comparison with CPT test for the unconfined compressive strength. The result shows different penetration rate influenced the soil shear strength. For the slowest rate (0.5 cm/s), the shear strength was approximately 0.15% less compared to the standard rate (2 cm/s). However, for the highest rate (5 cm/s), the shear strength was 0.22% more than the reference rate (0.5 cm/s). In conclusion, it is suggested that the RECESS clay soil influenced by the rate effect and in agreement with previous research findings

Information Structure of STEP Convertor of STEP-CNC Mapping System

Abstract. ISO 14649 standard, commonly recognized as STEP-NC is a data model interface for computer numerical controllers. STEP-NC goes much further that G codes and has a more comprehensive data model that overcomes the lack of process information in ISO 6983 files (G codes programming). The STEP compliant approach brings the possibility to integrate the machine controller to the overall enterprise information network, with the intention of having bi-directional data flow. This will provide the novel capability for upstream feedback of information from the numerical controller to the design and process areas in the process planning and manufacturing. This paper presents the key concepts of the proposed STEP Convertor of the STEP-CNC Mapping System. The objective of the main system is to take a generic STEP file as the input to drive a CNC machine tool. The main system is broken down into two main sub-systems, STEP Convertor and STEP-NC Translator. This paper will focus solely on the information structure and conceptualization of the STEP Convertor