Anticancer properties of berberine - analysis of the latest reports

  Introduction and purpose:  Berberine is a plant alkaloid that naturally occurs in the fruits of common barberry (Berberis vulgaris). This alkaloid has long been used in natural medicine. It exhibits a range of bioactivities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anti-edema, and antimicrobial actions. Through the promising therapeutic effects of berberine in metabolic syndrome, as well as its impact on carcinogenesis, this compound is beginning to play a significant role in preventive medicine. Recently, particular attention has been paid to the anticancer properties of berberine, which are based on many biochemical pathways, particularly its pro-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory action. The study aimed to review the anticancer mechanisms of berberine and summarize them about individual cancers.   State of knowledge:  The article reviews the current literature on the anticancer properties of berberine for individual cancers, focusing primarily on its molecular mechanisms of action. In addition, the potential of berberine as a promising candidate forming the basis for drug production and its use in preventive medicine was analyzed.   Summary:  In summary, many studies have shown that berberine exhibits anticancer activity in many types of cancers, including breast, lung, stomach, liver, colorectal, ovarian, cervical, and prostate cancers. Berberine inhibits the growth of cancer cells, limits metastases, induces apoptosis, stimulates autophagy, and enhances the effectiveness of anticancer drugs. Despite its potential as a promising candidate for drug production, there are currently no approved pure berberine preparations for the treatment of specific ailments. Research on its effectiveness and safety is still ongoing

SGLT2-Inhibitors - significant role in Heart Failure treatment

Heart failure (HF), which has a high morbidity and mortality rate, is nevertheless a common and crippling ailment, especially in older populations. The complicated pathophysiology of heart failure (HF), which includes oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, fibrosis, and inflammation, is frequently not sufficiently treated despite advances in medication. Inhibitors of the sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) have become a key treatment for HF in patients with varying left ventricular ejection fractions (LVEF). SGLT2 inhibitors have been shown in recent clinical trials to considerably lower hospitalization rates for heart failure, cardiovascular mortality, and all-cause mortality. The mechanisms of SGLT2 inhibitors, such as better ventricular loading, increased heart metabolic efficiency, and decreased inflammation and necrosis, are covered in this review. Additionally, we provide an overview of four important clinical trials—DAPA-HF, EMPEROR-Reduced, EMPEROR-Preserved, and DELIVER—highlighting their effectiveness in lowering unfavourable cardiovascular outcomes for patients with heart failure who have preserved (HFpEF), slightly reduced (HFmrEF), or reduced (HFrEF). The results validate the need for SGLT2 inhibitors in all-inclusive HF treatment plans by highlighting their adaptability and safety in a range of clinical contexts

Childhood obesity - risk factors and prevention strategies

Introduction and purpose: Obesity is one of the most serious health challenges in modern society. Over the last 40 years, the number of obese school-age children has increased tenfold. This not only has significant consequences for physical health, but also affects psychosocial aspects and the quality of life of the young generation. The aim of this study is to conduct a comprehensive review of the literature on obesity among children and adolescents, focused on identifying the main risk factors and analyzing effective forms of prevention. Materials and methods: A review of the literature available in the "PubMed" database and books was conducted. The search was performed by using the following keywords: "childhood obesity", "childhood obesity risk factors", “childhood obesity prevention” State of knowledge: The risk factors for obesity in children and adolescents include genetic factors, endocrine diseases, improper diet, low physical activity, low socioeconomic status, stress, psychological factors, short sleep time, medications, hypothalamic obesity and H. pylori. As part of the prevention of obesity in children and adolescents, it is recommended to develop appropriate habits in children and adolescents. The influence of parents on health behaviors in children is important. Top-down activities such as health campaigns and legal regulations also have a significant impact. Summary: Due to research conducted over the years, awareness of obesity risk factors has increased. To effectively prevent this disease, an integrated approach is necessary, taking into account both education and changes in the social environment. Implementing these strategies requires cooperation at local, regional, national and international levels

Effects of red wine on cardiovascular diseases

Introduction and purpose: The purpose of this scientific paper is to review the current knowledge of the effects of red wine on human health, particularly with regard to cardiovascular disease.  State of Knowledge: Since the 1990s, red wine has gained its status as a health-promoting alcohol through the French Paradox - when drunk in moderate amounts, it protects against cardiovascular disease. The authors have collected scientific papers on the health effects of alcohol, red wine and resveratrol-a polyphenol that is the main component with health-promoting effects of wine. On their basis, they analyzed the assumptions of the positive effects of wine reaching inconclusive conclusions.  Summary: Despite the fact that both ethanol and resveratrol have a positive effect in in vitro studies, in population studies their effect is much less significant, either because the negative behavioral-health effects in the case of ethanol are omitted or the actual effective doses of resveratrol are omitted

Fertility Preservation Strategies in Cancer Patients: A Comprehensive Review

Introduction and purpose. Preserving fertility is crucial for cancer patients, aligning with advancements in oncology. As survival rates improve, addressing treatment-related late effects gains importance. Many young patients, aware of therapy toxicity, consider future conception chances, impacting treatment decisions. With a trend toward delayed childbirth and a growing population facing unplanned family planning disruptions, the demand for fertility preservation is expected to rise. This paper provides a brief review of available methods for preserving fertility in cancer patients.   State of knowledge. Freezing semen in liquid nitrogen vapor is a standard method for preserving reproductive potential in male cancer patients. Shielding during total-body radiation limits testicular volume reduction, indicating less damage to the germinal epithelium. Hormone suppression treatments are not protective in male cancer patients. Oocyte and embryo cryopreservation are considered secure methods before anticancer treatments, with oocyte cryopreservation being preferred for post-pubertal women. Ovarian tissue cryopreservation remains an alternative method without preliminary treatment, suitable when time is insufficient for ovarian stimulation. Ovarian transposition beyond the intended radiation area, performed laparoscopically, can retain ovarian function. GnRH agonist administration before and during chemotherapy aims to minimize the likelihood of premature ovarian insufficiency.   Summary. Advancements in fertility preservation for cancer patients, ranging from traditional cryopreservation to innovative methods like ovarian tissue preservation, highlight a commitment to empowering individuals facing cancer diagnoses. Ongoing research expands possibilities, ensuring a diverse range of strategies that offer tangible and hopeful prospects at the intersection of cancer and reproductive health

Probiotic supplementation as a supportive treatment in inflammatory bowel diseases - literature overview

Introduction and purpose: The human body hosts a diverse ecosystem of commensal microbes, known as the human microbiome. This review aims to asses the current state of knowledge regarding the effectiveness, mechanisms of action, and potential benefits of probiotic supplementation in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Materials and methods: A literature review was conducted using the “PubMed” and “Google Scholar” databases with the keywords “Probiotics”, “Gut Microbiome”, “Probiotics and the treatment of Crohns Disease”, “Probiotics and the treatment of Colitis Ulcerosa”. State of knowledge: Dysbiosis is known to disrupt the function of the intestinal mucosis and has been associated with chronic tissue inflammation. The use of probiotics is a promising method to improve the state of gut microbiota. It is known that the gut microbiome is disrupted in inflammatory bowel diseases.  Summary: The use of probiotics in Ulcerative Colitis is supported by a significant amount of evidence supporting its effectiveness. In the case of Crohn’s Disease there is a lack of evidence to definitively determine whether the use of probiotics yields therapeutic benefits. Therefore there is a need for further research in this area

The analysis of measurement data collection systems from the tribotesters

When conducting tribological model studies with the aim of achieving a high repeatability and reproducibility of results, much attention is paid to the precise setting of test parameters. Most of all, setting the sliding speed and normal load is made with great care. Ambient conditions (temperature, humidity) are also controlled. At the same time, issues related to inaccuracy in making samples are often marginalized. Inaccuracies in surface geometric texture and shape are often caused by additional technological processes carried out after a precise execution of the sample base. This often increases the axial and radial run-out of samples. Moreover, it may lead to a misinterpretation of the measurement of linear wear intensity and friction. In order to eliminate the impact of the axial run-out on the measurement of linear wear intensity, the authors have developed a concept as well as designed and built an automated computer-controlled system of triggering the measurement of tribological characteristics as a function of a disc position, which is no longer as a function of time. This system was applied in the system of the T-01M produced by ITeE – PIB Radom. The modified system was tested on two types of material combinations and with a high variability of the speed of the node. In addition, the results of tribological characteristics obtained with a standard measuring system triggered with time were compared with those obtained using the developed system. The study shows that the use of an automated system of triggering measurement as a function of a disc position enables a considerable decrease in scattering measurement results at low engine speeds, thereby improving repeatability and reproducibility of tribological studies in the system ball-on-disc and pin-on-disc

Lactase Deficiency and Lactose Intolerance: Current Understanding and Future Directions

Introduction and purpose: Lactose, the primary carbohydrate in milk, requires the enzyme lactase for digestion. Deficiency in lactase activity leads to lactose intolerance, causing gastrointestinal symptoms. Understanding the genetic and environmental factors influencing lactase expression and activity is crucial. Moreover, accurate diagnostic methods and effective treatments are needed to manage lactose intolerance. This review aims to explore the current knowledge on lactase deficiency, lactose intolerance, diagnostic methods, and treatment options. State of knowledge:  Lactase deficiency encompasses congenital, primary, and secondary forms, each with distinct etiologies. Although often used interchangeably, lactase deficiency and lactose intolerance differ. However, the association between lactase deficiency and lactose intolerance is complex, influenced by various factors including dietary habits, gut microbiota, and gastrointestinal motility. Diagnostic methods are limited, and treatment strategies primarily involve dietary modifications, lactase supplementation, and probiotics.  Conclusion: Lactose intolerance presents significant clinical challenges, often underrecognized and misdiagnosed. Despite diagnostic advancements further research is needed to refine diagnostic accuracy. Treatment focuses on dietary adjustments, enzyme supplementation, and probiotics. Balancing symptom relief with nutritional adequacy is essential. Future studies should explore the role of gut microbiome modulation in lactose intolerance management through clinical trials.&nbsp

Alternative medicine - a replacement or an adjunctive for conventional therapy of chronic pain

Introduction and purpose:  Many people worldwide suffer from chronic pain. It is a very inconvenient condition on its own, not only an accompanying symptom of other diseases. Conventional drug treatment may be insufficient in some cases or may even cause serious side effects in the long term. In response to this, we aim to demonstrate the diversity of alternative pain management techniques in this review and identify conditions where such techniques may be beneficial to patients. State of knowledge: This paper evaluates some of the most common alternative pain management methods (acupuncture, massage, chiropractic, mind body therapies, herbal medicine, music therapy)  and their application in specific cases of chronic pain.  We also describe the possible mechanisms of action involved in the effectiveness of these techniques, based on contemporary studies. Summary: In conclusion, there are conditions where alternative medicine may be beneficial for patients suffering from chronic pain. The studies taken into account showed the best effects for chronic musculoskeletal pain treated with methods such as acupuncture and massage. Mind-body therapies may reduce stress levels and symptoms of depression associated with chronic pain, consequently improving the quality of patients' lives. However, alternative methods should not yet be considered as replacements for conventional drug therapy. More studies are needed to evaluate whether alternative therapies will play a significant role in chronic pain management in the future

The evaluation of the central retina after laser therapy in diabetic retinopathy

WSTĘP. Celem niniejszej pracy jest ocena wpływu laseroterapii na stan przedmiotowy siatkówki centralnej w retinopatii cukrzycowej. MATERIAŁ I METODY. Analizie poddano 200 oczu u 101 chorych na cukrzycę typu 1 i typu 2. W badanej grupie było 47 kobiet i 54 mężczyzn w wieku 23-72 lat. Na podstawie szczegółowego badania oftalmoskopowego i angiograficznego w 168 oczach stwierdzono objawy makulopatii. W 105 oczach (62,5%) wykazano ogniskowy obrzęk plamki, w 54 oczach (32,1%) - makulopatię rozlaną, a w 9 oczach (5,4%) - makulopatię niedokrwienną. Zgodnie z zaleceniami Diabetic Retinopathy Study (DRS) oraz Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) pacjentów poddano laseroterapii laserem argonowym firmy Coherent 920. Efekty leczenia oceniano po okresie 1,2–4,4 roku od czasu wykonania fotokoagulacji. WYNIKI. Po zastosowanej laseroterapii poprawę zaobserwowano w 88,6% przypadków z makulopatią ogniskową i w 83,3% z makulopatią rozlaną. Stabilizację zmian stwierdzono w 8,6% przypadków z makulopatią ogniskową i w 11,1% przypadków z makulopatią rozlaną. Autorzy niniejszej pracy progresję makulopatii ogniskowej zaobserwowali w 2,8% przypadków, a makulopatii rozlanej - w 5,6%0. W oczach z makulopatią niedokrwienną uzyskali stabilizację procesu w 60%, a poprawę zaledwie w 20%. Liczba mikrowłośniaków zmniejszyła się w 81,8% przypadków, liczba wysięków twardych - w 77% przypadków. Wybroczyny śródsiatkówkowe uległy regresji zaledwie w 24,2% przypadków, a strefy braku perfuzji jedynie w 3,6% przypadków. WNIOSKI. Pozytywne wyniki laseroterapii, szczególnie w makulopatii ogniskowej i rozlanej, uzasadniają uznanie tej terapii jako metody z wyboru w leczeniu retinopatii cukrzycowej.INTRODUCTION. The purpose of this study is the evaluation of the photocoagulation impact on central retina in diabetic retinopathy. MATERIAL AND METHODS. 101 patients (200 eyes), age varied from 23 to 72 years, 47 women and 54 men with insulin-dependent and insulin non-dependent diabetes were analyzed. On the basis of detailed ophthalmology and angiography examination diabetic maculopathy were found in 168 eyes. The focal macular edema was stated in 105 eyes (62.5%), diffuse maculopathy in 54 eyes (32.1%) and ischemic maculopathy in 9 eyes (5.4%). Patients were treated with argon laser Coherent 920, in accordance with DRS and ETDRS recommendations. The effects of laser therapy were estimated in 1.2 to 4.4 years after photocoagulation. RESULTS. In 88,6% eyes with focal macular edema and in 83.3% eyes with diffuse maculopathy we noticed an improvement after the photocoagulation. Stabilization was found in 8.6% eyes with focal macular edema and in 11.1% eyes with diffuse maculopathy. Deterioration was found in 2.8% eyes with focal maculopathy and in 5.6% eyes with diffuse maculopathy. Ischemic maculopathy was stabilized in 60%, improved only in 20%. The amount of microvessels decreased in 81.8% eyes, the amount of hard exudates in 77%, intraretinal blood extravasations in 24.2% eyes and zones of lack of perfusion only in 3.6%. CONCLUSION. The positive results of photocoagulation, especially in focal and diffuse maculopathy, justify the application of laser treatment as a method of choice in diabetic retinopathy