Speech to Graduating Class of The University of Chicago Law School

After spending an academic year at the University of Chicago Law School as a visiting Professor, Paul Bator expounds upon the uniqueness of Chicago as an institution and on the competition and comradery that defines the faculty and the student body. He ends with a series of admonitions and advice for the graduating class. Transcript of a speech given at the Third Year Dinner in May, 1979

The Scandinavian element beyond the Danelaw

The Scandinavian element is present in English mainly due to the Viking invasions and later settlement of the Vikings in the British Isles. Hence, it has been usually assumed that the Scandinavian loanwords entered the English language in the areas where the number of Scandinavian settlers was the highest, i.e. the Danelaw, inhabited by the Danes and the northern counties (Cumberland, Westmorland and Lancashire) settled by the Norwegians. The present paper will present evidence that the Scandinavian loanwords not only were also common in the non-Scandinavian parts of England but in some cases occurred exclusively in the west and south of the country. Additionally, the evidence collected for the present study will be compared to the area of “the Great Scandinavian Belt” proposed by Samuels (1985), in order to check whether the distribution of the investigated items agrees with Samuels’ focal area

‘What Mrs Fisher knows about cooking’ - on the titles of early American cookbooks

The proposed article aims to examine the strategies used by American women cookbook writers to attract the intended audience to their collections. The study is based on 19th-century cookbooks published in the United States; earlier collections, although available in the US were published in and brought from Britain. Written for and, in many cases, by housewives, the analysed cookbooks show, on the one hand, how the authors tried to convince the prospective reader of their expertise and knowledge. On the other hand, a certain degree of intimacy with the reader was to draw the reader’s attention to the collection. The discussion will be based on (i) the cookbooks’ titles, as they are “the first point of contact between the writer and the potential reader” (Haggan, 2004, p. 193) and an important determinant of a book’s success; and (ii) the authors’ signatures (as not all of the publications were signed with the author’s name).El artículo que se presenta pretende examinar las estrategias utilizadas por las escritoras estadounidenses de libros de cocina para atraer al público al que iban dirigidas sus colecciones. El estudio se basa en libros de cocina del siglo XIX publicados en Estados Unidos; las colecciones anteriores, aunque disponibles en Estados Unidos, se publicaron en Gran Bretaña y se trajeron de allí. Escritos para y, en muchos casos, por amas de casa, los libros de cocina analizados muestran, por un lado, cómo los autores intentaban convencer al posible lector de su pericia y conocimientos. Por otro lado, un cierto grado de intimidad con el lector debía atraer la atención de éste hacia la colección. La discusión se basa en (i) los títulos de los libros de cocina, ya que son "el primer punto de contacto entre el escritor y el lector potencial" (Haggan, 2004, p. 193) y un factor importante en el éxito de un libro; y (ii) las firmas de las autoras (ya que no todas las publicaciones estaban firmadas con el nombre de la autora).L'article que es presenta pretén examinar les estratègies utilitzades per les escriptores nord-americanes de llibres de cuina per atraure el públic a qui anaven dirigides les col·leccions. L'estudi es basa en llibres de cuina del segle XIX publicats als Estats Units; les col·leccions anteriors, encara que disponibles als Estats Units, es van publicar a la Gran Bretanya i es van portar des d'allà. Escrits per i, en molts casos, per mestresses de casa, els llibres de cuina analitzats mostren, per una banda, com els autors intentaven convèncer el possible lector de la seva perícia i coneixements. D'altra banda, un cert grau d'intimitat amb el lector havia d'atreure l'atenció cap a la col·lecció. La discussió es basa en (i) els títols dels llibres de cuina, ja que són "el primer punt de contacte entre l'escriptor i el lector potencial" (Haggan, 2004, p. 193) i un factor important en l'èxit d'un llibre; i (ii) les signatures de les autores (ja que no totes les publicacions estaven signades amb el nom de l'autora)

Zygmunt Ziembiński’s concept of the legal norm from a structuralist perspective

In the article I present the concept of the legal norm of conduct proposed by Zygmunt Ziembiński, situating it in the context of the structuralist research attitude – a  methodological approach dominant in the Polish theory of law in the period when this key element of Ziembiński’s theory of law was created and shaped (the 1970s and 1980s). I illustrate individual fragments of the presented concept with selected quotations that are representative of the structuralist research approach. In my view, structuralism makes it possible to understand both the overwhelming influence ofZiembiński’s concept of the norm on the Polish legal theory of the second half of the twentieth century, as well as to explain the causes of the controversies that this concept provoked in some representatives of Polish jurisprudence. I also draw attention to the evolution of the concept in question, including the weakening of its structuralist overtones in the last years of the Professor’s scientific work. An example that exemplifies this tendency is the concept of competence norm.In the article I present the concept of the legal norm of conduct proposed by Zygmunt Ziembiński, situating it in the context of the structuralist research attitude – a  methodological approach dominant in the Polish theory of law in the period when this key element of Ziembiński’s theory of law was created and shaped (the 1970s and 1980s). I illustrate individual fragments of the presented concept with selected quotations that are representative of the structuralist research approach. In my view, structuralism makes it possible to understand both the overwhelming influence ofZiembiński’s concept of the norm on the Polish legal theory of the second half of the twentieth century, as well as to explain the causes of the controversies that this concept provoked in some representatives of Polish jurisprudence. I also draw attention to the evolution of the concept in question, including the weakening of its structuralist overtones in the last years of the Professor’s scientific work. An example that exemplifies this tendency is the concept of competence norm

Scandinavian loanwords in English in the 15th century

The paper concentrates on the following two issues concerning Scandinavian loanwards in English in the fifteenth century: (i) the obsolescence of loanwords and (ii) the appearance of new Scandinavian loanwords which survived later in non-standard varieties of English. The possible reason for the disappearance of the obsolete loans seems to be the rivalry of synonyms, mostly of French and native origin. It is also interesting to observe that despite the influx of French vocabulary, Scandinavian loanwords surfaced in English dialects even four centuries after the Viking period. Some of them disappeared a few centuries later, e.g. hink, nait, ra, scraw, stoop, etc., however, most of them survived well into the 20th century, e.g. arwal, garth, marrow, slape and soop