The collective model of the household and an unexpected implication for child labor : hypothesis and an empirical test

The authors use the collective model of the household and show, theoretically, that as the woman's power rises, child labor will initially fall,but beyond a point it will tend to rise again. A household with a balanced power structure between the husband and the wife is least likely to send its children to work. An empirical test of this relationship using data from Nepal strongly corroborates the theoretical hypothesis.Street Children,Labor Policies,Environmental Economics&Policies,Children and Youth,Labor Standards,Street Children,Children and Youth,Youth and Governance,Environmental Economics&Policies,Health Economics&Finance

Supersymmetric Localization on dS: Sum over topologies

We find the exact quantum gravity partition function on the static patch of 3d de Sitter spacetime. We have worked in the Chern Simons Formulation of 3d Gravity. To obtain a non-perturbative result, we supersymmetrized the Chern Simons action and used the technique of supersymmetric localization. We have obtained an exact non-perturbative result for the spin-2 gravity case. We comment on the divergences present in the theory. We also comment on higher spin gravity theories and analyse the nature of divergences present in such theories.Comment: Version accepted for publication in EPJ C. Comments are welcom

Seismic Response Analysis of Forebay Structure for CW Pump House of a Nuclear Power Project

The paper reviews the current state-of-the-art on the seismic response analysis of complex RCC structure like forebay which is usually connected with CW Pump House frame at its rear end for fulfilling circulating water requirement in power plant - nuclear or thermal. The need to include in such analysis and design effects of 3-Dimensional mathematical model and soil-structure interaction for studying overall behaviour of the structure are highlighted. The paper also discusses the usefulness, if any, of such rigorous analysis and identifies some problem areas in finalising realistic design data and adopting suitable models to represent the structural system

Expression of gap junctions bearing connexin-43 subunits and glial fibrillary acidic protein in the rat dorsal root ganglia following hind paw incision

Background: Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons mediate the transmission of sensation from the periphery. DRG neurons are pseudounipolar in nature and enveloped by the satellite glial cells (SC). Satellite glial cells have been reported to influence neuronal excitability via gap junctions. Postoperative pain causes induction of various neurotransmitters such as connexin-43 and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), in the satellite cells surrounding neuronal cell bodiesObjective: To study the expression of connexin-43 and Glial fibrillary acidic protein after hind paw incision.Methods: Male adult Sprague-Dawley rats (n=12) were used. Rats were randomly divided into two groups. Group I (n=6) and Group II (n=6) for immunohistochemical study with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and connexin-43 (Cx-43) respectively. In this study, rats were subjected to noxious stimuli on the right hind paw under general anesthesia. Dorsal root ganglia of both sides (L4 spinal nerves) were isolated after transcardiac fixation with 4% paraformaldehyde. The ganglia from the non-incised side were taken as the control group.Results: Unipolar neurons in the DRG were surrounded by satellite cells. The satellite cells were positive for GFAP, which showed increased expression on the surgical side after noxious stimuli. Cx-43 immunostaining also showed an increased expression in the periphery of neuronal cell bodies of surgical side representing the location of gap junctions and hyperexcitability of neurons.Conclusions: Small to medium sized neurons carry pain sensation from the periphery to the central nervous system. Increased gap junctions were noted in small neurons and satellite cells after surgery. Gap junctions might contribute to increased excitability of small neurons in postoperative pain